Cadmium availability to freshwater mussel (Unio tumidus) in the presence of organic matter and UV radiation

Abstract

The influence of ultraviolet radiation (UV) on cadmium availability to freshwater mussel (Unio tumidus) in the presence of organic matter was investigated. Water solutions containing 1000, 500, and 250 μ g · L−1 of cadmium and 28.8 mg · L−1 of total organic carbon (TOC) were exposed to ecologically relevant biologically effective UV-A and UV-B irradiances of 1.73· 10−6 W· cm−2 and 1.50· 10−5 W· cm−2 respectively for 12 h. The availability of cadmium was measured directly as Cd concentration in gills, mantle, digestive gland and foot, and indirectly as its impact on the content of essential cations. The concentration of cadmium ions, soluble forms of cadmium, pH and conductivity in UV irradiated solutions were also measured. UV exposures resulted in a decrease of the TOC to 25.9 mg · L−1, followed by a decrease in the total concentration of Cd soluble forms, increase in the concentration of cadmium bound to particulate matter, and increase in the concentration of free cadmium ions in comparison to non-irradiated mixtures. Mussels from mixtures exposed to UV accumulated more cadmium than specimens from non-irradiated mixtures. This was confirmed by the fluctuations of essential cations, i.e. decreases in the contents of Zn, Ca, Fe and increase of the Cu content. Na/K molar ratios in gills were negatively correlated with cadmium content, while a positive trend occurred in other organs. We suggest that in UV-exposed water more ionic forms of cadmium occur. On the other hand more cadmium is also bound to particulate matter. Our research indicate that the increase of cadmium accumulation in mussels grown in humic acid solutions exposed to UV were most probably related to the increase in the concentration of cadmium bound to particulate matter.