Abstract
A thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (TS-FF-AAS) was employed to determine Cd and Pb in different Brazilian tobacco samples. Sample pretreatment consisted of acid decomposition and cloud point (CP) preconcentration optimized by Doehlert design. To promote phase separation in the cloud point procedure, polyoxyethylene(8) isooctylphenyl ether (Triton® X-114) and 2-(bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethyl-amino-phenol (Br-PADAP) were used as a nonionic surfactant and a complexing agent, respectively. The variables of the cloud point preconcentration procedure optimized by Doehlert design were: complexing agent volume, Triton X-114 volume, and pH. A response surface maximum point was obtained for Cd and Pb. For TS-FF-AAS, a sample volume of 50 µL was introduced into the hot Ni tube using air carrier at a flow rate of 0.4 mL min-1. The limits of detection and relative standard deviations obtained for Cd and Pb when CP and TS-FF-AAS were associated were 4.0 and 13 µg kg-1, and 3.1 and 0.7%, respectively. Accuracy was checked by addition-recovery experiments, as well as by using two certified reference materials (tea and peach leaves). Cadmium and lead recoveries ranged from 93 to 103 and 93 to 107%, respectively. All results obtained for reference materials were in agreement with certified values at 95 or 99% confidence levels by t-Student test.
Highlights
The relevance of trace metals in biological samples derives from their essentiality, as well as from their potentially toxic effects in living organisms
Optimization procedure for Cd and Pb cloud point extraction applying Doehlert design Based on previously reported data,[8,24] some experiments were made using PAN and Br-PADAP as complexing agents in the cloud point preconcentration procedure
Cadmium and lead were determined in tobacco samples by TS-FF-AAS technique after acid digestion and optimized cloud point preconcentration using Br-PADAP as a complexing agent
Summary
The relevance of trace metals in biological samples derives from their essentiality, as well as from their potentially toxic effects in living organisms. Vol 20, No 8, 2009 and gonads.[2] This metal can gradually accumulate in the human body, producing a number of adverse health effects, such as nephrotoxicity and osteotoxicity.[1] The toxicity of Pb and Cd in biological fluids has been reported, especially concerning the determination of safe concentration intervals and overexposure effects. Toxic metals, such as Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, and Zn, are found in tobacco, cigarette paper and filter, and cigarette smoke. Emerging data suggest that the alteration of metal homeostasis in the human body by cigarette smoking plays a crucial role in the genesis of a number of diseases.[3]
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