Cadmium and copper reduce hematopoietic potential in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) head kidney

Elzbieta Kondera,Malgorzata Witeska

doi:10.1007/s10695-012-9738-6

Elzbieta Kondera, Malgorzata Witeska

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-012-9738-6

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Abstract

The effects of cadmium and copper on activity of common carp head kidney hematopoietic tissue were evaluated. The fish were subjected to short-term (3 h, Cd-s and Cu-s) or long-term (4 weeks, Cd-l and Cu-l) exposures to 100 % 96hLC50 or 10 % 96hLC50, respectively. Head kidneys were isolated weekly from 5 fish of each group for 4 weeks (post-short-term exposure and during long-term exposure). Percentage of early blast cells among the hematopoietic precursors was calculated. Proliferative and apoptotic activity were evaluated using immunocytochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and caspase 3, respectively. Hematopoietic activity was calculated as the ratio of proliferating to apoptotic cells. All metal exposures induced an increase in frequency of early blast cells. The frequency of proliferating (PCNA-positive) cells also significantly increased. A considerable and significant increase in the frequency of apoptotic cells was the most pronounced effect of metal exposures. Both short-term and long-term treatments caused similar effects, but in case of Cd exposures, the reaction was more pronounced. All metal exposures reduced hematopoietic potential of fish measured as the ratio of proliferating to apoptotic precursor cell frequency. However, in all cases, hematopoietic activity was higher than 1 showing that the rate of repair of hematopoietic tissue prevailed over destruction.

Highlights

In most teleost fishes head kidney, pronephros plays an important role as main hematopoietic organ and blood cell reservoir (Fange 1994; Houston et al 1996; Fijan 2002a, b; Romano et al 2002; Moritomo et al 2004; Rombout et al 2005; Gangopadhyay and Homechaudhuri 2011)
Both fish proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and caspase 3 have been proved to react with mammalian monoclonal antibodies, and these antibodies were successfully used for evaluation of proliferation and apoptosis of various cells in Thalassoma pavo (Monteiro et al 2009), Oreochromis niloticus (Brunelli et al 2011), and Salmo salar (Yousaf et al 2012)
Short-term exposures to Cd and Cu resulted in an increase in the frequency of early blast cells in head kidney of carp in 1 week after the treatments (Figs. 1, 2)

Summary

Introduction

In most teleost fishes head kidney, pronephros plays an important role as main hematopoietic organ and blood cell reservoir (Fange 1994; Houston et al 1996; Fijan 2002a, b; Romano et al 2002; Moritomo et al 2004; Rombout et al 2005; Gangopadhyay and Homechaudhuri 2011). Hematopoietic activity of head kidney tissue involves proliferation of stem cells and early precursors of all cell lines, differentiation and maturation, as well as apoptosis, and the rate of all these processes is a key factor that determines efficiency of hematopoiesis. The presence of PCNA in fish hematopoietic tissue was confirmed by Leung et al (2005) for Danio rerio Both fish PCNA and caspase 3 have been proved to react with mammalian (mouse or rabbit) monoclonal antibodies, and these antibodies were successfully used for evaluation of proliferation and apoptosis of various cells in Thalassoma pavo (Monteiro et al 2009), Oreochromis niloticus (Brunelli et al 2011), and Salmo salar (Yousaf et al 2012)

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