CABO VERDE: A ROTA AFRICANA DE FLORA TRISTAN

nocentelli, carmen. Empires of Love: Europe, Asia, and the Making of Early Modern Identity. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 2013. ix + 262 pp.In this wide-ranging yet no less rigorously argued study, Carmen Nocentelli proposes that the early modern concepts of sexuality and race proceeded from contextually and historically contingent constructs. Rather than viewing them as parallel categories, she posits that both developed from an extended continuum of interrelated social practices and discourses that revolved around religion, culture, geography, and contemporary biophysiological notions. Her main focus, however, is the European obsession with sexual difference, and its resultant transformation into racial distinctions. In response to the question of how sexual propriety, as perceived in the early modern period, inflected what was ascribed to racial difference, and vice versa, Nocentelli analyzes a profusion of texts-mainly chronicles and treatises, but also epic poems, plays, and a picaresque novel-that classified systems of race and erotic during the period of European overseas expansion. With a nuanced nod to anthropologist Elizabeth Povinelli's The Empire of Love: Toward a Theory of Intimacy, Genealogy, and Carnality, and its problematization of oppositional modes of individual freedom and social constraint, Nocentelli provides an overarching interdisciplinary framework for understanding the formation of identity through the social structures of early modern European settlements across the vast lands of what was then known as India.Starting from her premise that matters of eros quickly turned into matters of ethnos (5) when colonial societies were formed, she studies the cultural practices recorded by the abundant travel literature of the early modern period as markers of sexual and racial identity. While these narratives were shocking readers with their ethnographic accounts of Asian lewdness and debauchery, Nocentelli tells us, colonial governments were busily supporting interracial marriages. She is quick to point out that there were differences across the numerous Asian contact zones, just as she has taken care to read an impressive number of sources in, among other languages, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, as well as English, respecting the variances among European states. Nonetheless, she also finds that, in Asia even more so than in the Americas, European colonizers similarly colonized by means of interracial unions. Her study concludes that the category of race developed from Asian challenge and resistance to the education of desire imposed through heterosexual marriage.The book's six chapters investigate the changing responses by Europeans to their encounter with Asian sexual practices as detailed in travel narratives. Chapter one is dedicated to penile implantation, first recorded by the Italian explorer Antonio Pigafetta, who chronicled Magellan's navigation to and death in the Philippines. Genital piercing and modification (still commonly practiced in Southeast Asia) drew continued attention from early modem travel writers as aberrant customs that threatened the social order, becoming signs of the culture's bestiality andparadoxically, because they were also viewed as control measures against themsodomitical practices. Nocentelli argues that these customs served as racially identifiable masculine traits, unlike the scant accounts of female genital modification such as infibulation, which allowed for women's cultural, and thus racial, malleability.Chapter two elucidates the convertibility from one culture to another by analyzing the Isle of Love episode in Camoes's Os Lusiadas as a literary example of imposed intermarriage. In imitation of legendary Roman imperialism, the episode's violent scenes between Portuguese sailors and island nymphs, while referencing classical mythology, stand also for Portuguese expansion, first as intermarriage with Islamic women during the Reconquest (although this remains questionable), and then as imperial conquest marriages that kept Asian deviant sexualities at bay. …

In this ambitious and original study, Lynn Festa examines how and why sentimental fiction became one of the primary ways of representing British and French relations with colonial populations in the eighteenth century. Drawing from novels, poetry, travel narratives, commerce manuals, and philosophical writings, Festa shows how sentimentality shaped communal and personal assertions of identity in an age of empire. Read in isolation, sentimental texts can be made to tell a simple story about the emergence of the modern psychological self. Placed in conversation with empire, however, sentimentality invites both psychological and cultural readings of the encounter between self and other. Sentimental texts, Festa claims, enabled readers to create powerful imagined relations to distant people. Yet these emotional bonds simultaneously threatened the boundaries between self and other, civilized and savage, colonizer and colonized. Festa argues that sentimental tropes and figures allowed readers to feel for others, while maintaining the particularity of the individual self. Sentimental identification thus operated as a form of differentiation as well as consolidation. Festa contends that global reach increasingly outstripped imaginative grasp during this era. Sentimentality became an important tool for writers on empire, allowing conquest to be portrayed as commerce and scenes of violence and exploitation to be converted into displays of benevolence and pity. Above all, sentimental texts used emotion as an important form of social and cultural distinction, as the attribution of sentience and feeling helped to define who would be recognized as human.

This paper establishes a parallel between the social critique about the nation’s memory of Angola in the 1960s, and the storyteller’s manifestations against the impartiality (expressed by judgments of value and a critical omniscience) inserted in Lilia Momple’s short story O ultimo pesadelo in the book Ninguem matou Suhura. Based on the scenes of violence from the colonial regime in Angola and analytical positions expressed by the narrator, the goal is to point out these manifestations of narrative voice in postcolonial fictional portrait and unite them to a theoretical question of imperialism and colonialism.

Reviewed by: The Cambridge Companion to the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament ed. by Stephen B. Chapman and Marvin A. Sweeney Isaac M. Alderman stephen b. chapman and marvin a. sweeney, The Cambridge Companion to the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament (Cambridge Companions to Religion; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016). Pp. xvii + 525. $101.27. This collection of twenty-three essays is introduced as an attempt to express that the diversity of the field is a result of the diversity of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament itself. There is no neutral approach, because there are no neutral texts. The editors also hope to model the collaborative possibilities by engaging this diversity. The volume consists of five parts, addressing the matters of text, historical context, methods, collections and genres, and receptions. The first section ("Text and Canon") consists of two essays. In "Texts, Titles, and Translations," James C. VandkerKam addresses the extant textual evidence of the Hebrew Bible, such as the Hebrew and Greek versions, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and ancient translations. He also covers the ways in which the biblical books were denoted, such as "the Law and the Prophets." Finally, he discusses matters of modern translations. Apart from a shared display of alliteration, Chapman's essay ("Collections, Canons, and Communities") treats the process and meaning of canonicity, including explanations of the different usages, history, and impact of various terms such as Old Testament, [End Page 743] Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh. He also addresses the examples of canon lists from various points in time. In part 2 ("Historical Background"), the first two entries directly address matters of context, looking at the ancient Near East and Israelite religion, while the third is more theoretical. Kenton L. Sparks ("The Ancient Near Eastern Context") provides an outline of the history of the Near East from the time preceding the Israelites until the Maccabean Revolt. Brent A. Strawn ("The History of Israelite Religion") gives an overview of some of the concerns and sources for the task of historical reconstruction. In the final entry, Marc Zvi Brettler ("The Hebrew Bible and History") explains tensions between history and historiography. He concludes that the Bible provides many narratives that depict a past, but that political or religious motivations behind them make problematic the use of the Bible as a primary source for constructing a history of Israel. The third part of the volume ("Methods and Approaches") also has only three entries. John J. Collins ("Historical-Critical Methods") examines the history of the approach and delineates its principles and discusses the criticisms of those principles. He concludes that the critics of the method are generally unconvincing. He praises the approach for freeing the text from fundamentalism and allowing collaboration among people of different faiths, or no faith at all. The second and third entries are broader in scope, looking at social-scientific (Victor H. Matthews, "Social Science Models") and literary (Adele Berlin, "Literary Approaches to the Hebrew Bible") approaches to the Bible. Berlin's contribution is especially interesting with regard to the divide among scholars whose literary approaches might be considered modern versus postmodern. Part 4 ("Subcollections and Genres") contains the following essays, constituting more than one-third of the volume: Thomas B. Dozeman, "The Pentateuch and Israelite Law"; Richard D. Nelson, "The Former Prophets and Historiography"; Marvin A. Sweeney, "The Latter Prophets and Prophecy"; William P. Brown, "The Psalms and Hebrew Poetry"; Samuel E. Balentine, "Wisdom"; Ehud Ben Zvi, "Late Historical Books and Rewritten History"; Lawrence M. Wills, "The Biblical Short Story"; Stephen L. Cook, "Apocalyptic Writings"; and Sharon Pace, "Deuterocanonical/Apocryphal Books." These articles are not dissimilar to the introductions found at the beginning of certain sections of the New Oxford Annotated Bible. These entries could be very useful as introductory readings in a survey class. Part 5 ("Reception and Use") contains the following six articles: Frederick E. Greenspahn, "The Hebrew Bible in Judaism"; R. W. L. Moberly, "The Old Testament in Christianity"; Walid A. Saleh, "The Hebrew Bible in Islam"; David Lyle Jeffrey, "The Hebrew Bible in Art and Literature"; Nancy J. Duff, "The Old Testament in Public: The Ten Commandments, Evolution, and Sabbath Closing Laws"; and John Goldingay, "The Theology of the...

Dancing on the Edge of the Abyss

In the context of cultural wisdom, it is no longer seen as hereditary heritage but cultural wisdom is the strength of the creative industry based on cultural wisdom. Students of the language and literature study program who have writing and literary skills are able to study and write cultural wisdom. With the ability to study and write local wisdom allows students as; entrepreneurship, creator, humanist, writer based on the strategy of cultural wisdom values. The research focus is the study and writing of Jambi Malay cultural wisdom with a literary journalism approach. Literary journalism is a feature-oriented creative writing skill based on facts in the field. To achieve this, the study and discussion refers to the practice of improving learning; Research and development; Classroom Action Research, and Project-Based Learning. The results of research on student abilities; write the title of 'good' level, write the intro at 'good' level, the type of intro written; storytelling, descriptive, and questions, writing the atmosphere of the story as a result of observation at the 'medium' level, writing the dialogue of the results of the investigation and reporting at the 'medium' level, (5) closing the story containing the message at the 'good' level, the type of message written; view of life, sincerity, and a call to action. Overall the ability to write knowledge of Malay culture is based on the 'good' range. Based on this the suggestions put forward; feature as a creative essay, very easy to develop by students as novice writers, so that they are interested in composing the potentials of local wisdom; data features on the basis of the results of field research through the process of observation, interviews, investigations and reporting. Based on the suggestions put forward, the literary journalism approach can be developed well in learning creative writing.

Em 4 de outubro de 1992, foi assinado o Acordo Geral de Paz (AGP) que pôs fim ao conflito armado que assolou Moçambique por dezesseis anos. Apesar de este dia ser celebrado como o dia da Paz e da Reconciliação e oficialmente marcar o fim da guerra entre a Frelimo e a Renamo (1976-1992), este também pode ser visto, de uma forma mais ampla, como o fim de uma era de violência direta e de conflito armado que começou com a Luta de Libertação Nacional (1964-1974) contra o colonialismo português. Em seu romance Terra Sonâmbula, Mia Couto entrelaça duas histórias diferentes, misturando o presente e o passado, com o intuito de denunciar a destruição causada por “uma guerra que parece não ter fim”. Argumentamos que essa ideia de continuidade da guerra em Moçambique se expressa em três dimensões: através das ligações entre a guerra colonial-libertação e a guerra civil, por meio das memórias daquelas pessoas que a vivenciaram de forma direta ou indireta, e da memória coletiva de forma mais geral e, por fim, através da permanência de relações de colonialidade na sociedade moçambicana contemporânea. Com base na obra de Mia Couto e recurso às gramáticas do Pós-colonialismo, dos Estudos para a Paz e dos Estudos da Memória, este artigo reflete sobre a continuidade da guerra no país e como esse passado ainda se faz tão presente através das narrativas de memórias acerca do mesmo.

Memories and Memory in New Russian Literary Journalism (Illustrated with Reference to Reportage Books by Yulia Yuzik and Valery Panyushkin)

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh penggambaran mendalam mengenai aktualisasi diri pada tokoh utama dalam novel Pasung Jiwa karya Okky Madasari. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode analisis isi dengan pendekatan struktural dan psikoanalisis sastra. Data dikumpulkan melalui studi pustaka, observasi tentang aktualisasi diri dalam novel, dan dianalisis dengan memanfaatkan ulasan novel serta wawancara. Prosedur pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan tujuh langkah, yaitu: (1) Membaca novel Pasung Jiwa. (2) Mencari fenomena menarik dalam isi cerita. (3) Menetapkan aktualisasi diri pada tokoh utama sebagai fokus penelitian. (4) Menetapkan novel Pasung Jiwa karya Okky Madasari sebagai sumber data penelitian. (5) Menetapkan analisis isi sebagai metode penelitian. (6) Menetapkan pendekatan struktural dan pendekatan psikoanalisis sastra sebagai pendekatan penelitian. (7) Melakukan studi pustaka, dan pengamatan aktualisasi diri pada tokoh utama. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Sasana (Sasa) dan Jaka Wani (Cak Jek) sebagai tokoh utama mengalami pergulatan batin dan perjuangan mencari kebebasan. Ketidakseimbangan struktur kepribadian id, ego, dan superego tokoh utama mengarahkan pada kebutuhan aktualisasi diri. Terpenuhinya aktualisasi diri pada tokoh utama karena adanya keinginan dan potensi menjadi pribadi kreatif dan bebas. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan keenam kebutuhan yang memotivasi tokoh utama, yaitu kebutuhan fisiologis, kebutuhan akan keamanan, kebutuhan akan rasa cinta dan memiliki-dimiliki, kebutuhan akan penghargaan, kebutuhan aktualisasi diri, dan kebutuhan transendental diri. Di samping kebutuhan aktualisasi diri, ditemukan dua jenis hambatan, yaitu dari diri sendiri dan dari lingkungan. Selain itu, ditemukan pula lima belas karakteristik aktualisasi diri. Temuan penelitian direkomendasikan kepada pengajar sastra, pembaca dan pembelajar sastra, peneliti sastra, dan orang tua.Kata kunci: Novel, Tokoh Utama, Aktualisasi diri, dan Psikoanalisis.
 AbstractThis research aimed to obtain a deep depiction of self-actualization on the maincharacter in the novel Pasung Jiwa by Okky Madasari. This research is a qualitativeresearch with content analysis method with structural literary approach andpsychoanalytic literary approach. The data were collected through literature studies,data observations about self-actualization in the novel, and were checked with novelreviews as well as interviews. Data collection procedure is done with seven steps,namely: (1) Reading novel Pasung Jiwa. (2) Looking for interesting phenomena instory content. (3) Establish self-actualization on the main figure as the focus ofresearch. (4) Establish the novel Pasung Jiwa by Okky Madasari as a source ofresearch data. (5) Establish content analysis as a research method. (6) Establishing astructural approach and a literary psychoanalytic approach as a research approach.(7) conducting literature study, and self-actualization observation on the maincharacter. The results of this research indicates that Sasana (Sasa) and Jaka Wani(Cak Jek) as the main character who experienced inner struggle and struggle forfreedom. Imbalance of personality structure id, ego, and superego main characterleads to the needs of self-actualization. Fulfillment of self-actualization of the maincharacter because of the desire and potential to be creative and free person. In thisresearch found six needs that motivate the main character, the physiological needs, theneed for security, the need for a sense of love and have-owned, the need forappreciation, needs self-actualization, and transcendence needs. In addition to theneeds of self-actualization, found two types of barriers, namely from self and from theenvironment. In addition, there were also fifteen characteristics of self-actualization.Research findings are recommended to literature teachers, literary readers andlearners, literary researchers, and parents.Keywords: novel, main figure, the needs of self-actualization, and psychoanalysis

Evoking Trinh T. Min-ha’s book tittle, this paper focuses on how, in the artwork ‘A tendency to forget’ Ângela Ferreira reverses the gaze, transforming the ethnographic work of Jorge and Margot Dias into her research study. Not completely acritical to Anthropology and its primitivisms, modern Ethnography as seen by Clifford and its methodologies seemed increasingly suitable to artists after the 1960’s to work and respond to the fragmented world, and participant observation, fieldwork and the archive were adopted as methodological tools to experience, interpret and represent different cultures. The archival impulse has become central to many contemporary art practices since the 1980’s and the retrieval of lost historical information and the will to establish links between different events are some of the strands of this practice as defined by Foster in his seminal essay. For the critic Mark Godfrey the working with ruins and fragments of the past and the appropriation of the archive are important research tools for the 'artists as historians' who, through their work, propose an ' alternative ' knowledge of history. Intrigued by the absence of a critical discourse about the country’s colonial past, but at the same time conscious of the need to question the histories and representations of the past in order to get a different understanding of the present, the artist Ângela Ferreira has consistently engaged with episodes of Portuguese Colonial history to point to its lacunae or inconsistencies. The work ‘A tendency to forget’ is part of her practice based PhD research, in which by focusing on the Dias’, the artist points to the hidden political agenda of their ethnographic fieldwork in Mozambique, in an invitation to think about the past, to establish connections between events, characters and objects and to assemble these into an ‘alternative’ narrative of the colonial past and memory, different from the version disseminated in the wider cultural field.

Reviewed by: Following the Ball: The Migration of African Soccer Players across the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1949–1975 by Todd Cleveland Marcos Cardão Cleveland, Todd –Following the Ball: The Migration of African Soccer Players across the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1949–1975. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2017. Pp. 280. In the context of the late Portuguese Empire, football articulated and reflected the ideologies, actions, practical and symbolic disputes, and expectations of different individuals and groups. Football, its practitioners, and its agents provide a field for reading social and power relations during Portuguese colonialism. It is precisely what Todd Cleveland does in a pioneering book on the migration of African football players across the Portuguese colonial empire between 1948 and 1975, which analyzes how they adopted a series of social, labour, and sporting strategies to face their new environment. This is a theme not yet examined by the growing body of literature on football in Portugal and former Portuguese colonies. Divided into five chapters, the book starts with an overview of the Portuguese colonial empire and the introduction of football into Portugal's African empire, discussing the role that agents, newspapers, and radio had in the sport's dissemination. It then examines the ways African players began to play the sport and form their own clubs and associations. Chapter 3 addresses the colonial regime's motivations for permitting these players to relocate to Portuguese clubs. Chapter 4 examines the challenges these players faced in Portugal, separated from their families and dealing with the rigours of professional football in Europe. Chapter 5 explores how the players navigated the shifting politically charged environments. Finally, an epilogue considers the lasting impact and legacies of these players in Portugal. The book examines in detail the experiences of African football players who migrated to Portugal and faced a political charged environment, dominated by colonial rule and an authoritarian regime that created a powerful ideology to justify Portuguese colonial empire: Lusotropicalism presented a glorifying view of Portuguese colonialism and emphasized the feats and virtues of the Portuguese, especially their lack of racial prejudice, which was construed as a symbol of their national character. Without ignoring the role of colonial ideology, and the propagandistic value of the presence of African football players in Portugal, Cleveland underlines the importance of the global sporting processes, thus putting the research in an international framework. By looking at football as an international job market, and thus valuing the players' opportunities to play for a top metropolitan club, the author avoids both methodological nationalisms and theories of alienation that often portray football players as either dupes of ideology or passive victims. Instead, Cleveland treats his subjects as engaged in different power relations, which produced and shaped their subjectivity. Even if the author sometimes uses the misleading category of apoliticism, he understands power in a relational way, implying a relationship between individuals and institutions. Following the Ball succeeds in its goals of seeing football as a terrain of struggles and of acknowledging the strategies of football players dealing with political conjuncture. Instead of focusing on political forms of contestation, the book explores the ways football players adopted European styles and conventions, [End Page 189] embraced Portuguese football clubs, and "pragmatically pursued opportunities to improve their lives" (p. 10). This choice acknowledges the complexities of the sociopolitical context and manages to broaden the scope of historical subjects. To highlight the elements of subjectivity that permeate the migratory movements of African players, the author could have considered such concepts as Sandro Mezzadra's "(right to) escape" (Ephemera, vol. 4, no. 3 (2004), pp. 267–275), which opens the category of migration to other political connotations. Studies of migrant labour point to the transnational dimensions of migration in redefining labour and acknowledge transnational migration as a privileged way to produce new subjectivities. Looking at football migrants as subjects challenges a victimization approach, especially in a discriminatory colonial context in which it is hard to imagine the possibility of producing subjectivities. It expands the notion of agency, usually associated with a formal political filiation in the national liberation movements that fought colonialism, where being "political" was synonymous with insurrectional activities. Cleveland problematizes both the narratives of victimization and...

Reviewed by: One Lonely Knight: Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer, and: Yesterday's Faces, Volume Two: Strange Days Brooke Horvath Max Allan Collins and James L. Traylor . One Lonely Knight: Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State U Popular P, 1984. 186 pp. $19.95 cloth; pb. $8.95. Robert Sampson . Yesterday's Faces, Volume Two: Strange Days. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State U Popular P, 1984. 290 pp. $24.95 cloth; pb. $12.95. Over the years, the Popular Press of Bowling Green State University has been responsible for much of the best and worst criticism of popular fictional genres. The two books here reviewed present part of the spectrum of the press's success and failure. Let's enter near the bottom so we can come out on top. "Critics usually miss the point with Spillane," Max Allan Collins and James L. Traylor assert early in One Lonely Knight. Still, even Spillane's severest critics must admit, the authors continue, that Mike Hammer's creator is a master, in severe critic Anthony Boucher's words, of "compelling you to read the next page." Perhaps. I, however, suffer a different if related debility as reviewer: I feel I may have missed the point not of Spillane but of One Lonely Knight, though I do confess to having felt compelled to turn its pages, often hoping the next would be better than the last, occasionally hoping the next would be the last. Out to avenge Spillane's "critical hammering," Collins and Traylor have inadvertantly gunned down their hero if only because they have written a book that—given what it does not attempt, the topics it will not investigate—implies Spillane is guilty of work that cannot support close, critical scrutiny. Taking pot shots at any likely villain, the authors often seem, like Hammer at his worst, only out for blood: "Few critics to date have had even a passing undestanding of what Spillane is up to"; "Perhaps it's reasonable to suggest that as long as Hammett and Chandler are read, so will be Spillane; he is their peer, but his less (self-)consciously literary approach has kept him from being so recognized." This last quotation takes a rare walk down the often mean street of comparative criticism, for one curious feature of One Lonely Knight is its unwillingness to place Hammer within the (ware)house of hardboiled detective fiction. Indeed, despite the growing (hence still-living and so perhaps boring) body of criticism devoted to detective fiction as a genre, Collins and Traylor have little to say of a generic nature. Nor have the authors solved the mystery of Spillane's popularity, a subject interesting for sociological and psychological if not aesthetic reasons. Nor do they seem to have many clues regarding what to make of Spillane's often distressing politics, sexism, racism, sadism. Potentially telling observations are recorded, but to pursue such leads is, apparently, to fall victim to "dull academic analysis." Hence, we learn that "the sensuous encounter" often "stops short of consummation," only to be quickly followed "by a scene of violence that does reach a climax"; but what this might signify, we must puzzle out for ourselves, hopeless Watsons that we literary critics are. Nor will the reader who recalls Wayne Booth's brief but damning sketch of Hammer's moral code (The Rhetoric of Fiction, 2nd ed., p. 84) find such objections redressed here. And Spillane comments such as "A novel's like a joke: you wade through the crap to get to the punch-line"—which might give one pause—pass as the off-the-cuff aw-shucks routine of the artist masquerading as "storyteller," as though Spillane were a trenchcoated Faulkner. [End Page 425] The authors' occasionally poor prose does nothing to help their case—"Hammer 'adopts' a child whose crying father William Decker leaves in a bar"; "Sal's face had been reconstructed after the fire, and is now calling himself Marty Steele." Making matter worse are the substitution of plot summary for analysis; assertions too frequently left unsupported and underdeveloped; the backtracking and repetitiveness resulting from the decision to organize the book around the Hammer novels...

Mark Twain's legacy is an extensive canon of writings that includes some of the most widely read, staged, debated, reinterpreted, and filmed works ever. This introductory critical study helps students and general readers appreciate the myriad perspectives of the man, his life, and his contributions to American literature. A fresh biographical account traces Twain's colorful life through his varied careers and adventures, to his rise to national prominence as a writer of short stories, to the creation of masterpieces likeAdventures of Huckleberry Finn. Also examined are the thematic concerns, plot structure, character development, and historical background in the travel narratives, a selection of short stories, and Twain's novels. A lively biographical chapter is followed by a section on Mark Twain's career and contributions to American literature, which situates Twain within the traditions of American humor writings. A selection of Twain's early short stories and sketches are examined, followed by the personal travel narratives. A full chapter on each of the five novels examines their important literary components, and also offers alternative critical perspectives. The final chapter surveys short writings from Twain's later years. A select bibliography cites sources for all of Twain's works, with numerous contemporary reviews, and general criticism of individual and collected works. As a scholar of Twain's writings and of American humor, David Sloane's insightful analysis illuminates how Mark Twain managed to fuse his irreverent humor with his deep seated concerns about humanity.

This is an ideological critique of colonial processes that denounced the Eastern Christian tradition of clerical marriage in India. It covers the period of Portuguese colonization, while also pointing to its continued impact in contemporary times. Three primary sources: documents of the Synod of Diamper (1599), Archbishop Menezes’ travel narrative, Jornada (1603), and a recent article on clerical celibacy by George Nedungatt, are examined for issues of “othering” (a term coined by the postcolonial theorist, Gayatri Spivak). The paper argues that the colonial process of “othering,” similar to what Edward Said calls “Orientalism,” or a discourse about the East (the Orient), paved the way for the alien imposition of mandatory clerical celibacy upon a community of the Eastern Church that had been following the tradition of optional clerical celibacy or clerical marriage for centuries. Thus the methodological framework is derived from postcolonial theory and provides a novel approach to the topic. The author’s thesis is that an analysis of the primary sources points to the persistence of imperialism, that imperialism was the reason behind the imposition of mandatory clerical celibacy during Portuguese colonial rule and that, again, imperialistic paradigms are to blame for the continuation of mandatory clerical celibacy among those St. Thomas Christians of India who are in full communion with the Catholic Church.

As the capital of theEstado da India, the Portuguese colonial empire in Asia and East Africa, Goa was subjected to a blizzard of policies designed at once to transform and fossilize life there. Desiring to preserve much of the precolonial village economic structure, yet determined to force their Goan subjects to total conversion to Catholicism, the Portuguese created policies that had a dramatic impact on Goan culture and identity. The focus of this article will be on the Hindu resistance to the policies that were appiled by the colonial regime and its role in the shaping of the regional culture: in the face of over-whelming physical force, direct defiance revealed itself primarily in the religious life of Hindu Goa as archival records of the Portuguese rule and temple histories demonstrate. Even formsof religious syncretism that are pervasive in Catholic Goa and might initially be perceived as indications of the success of Portuguese repressive and discriminatory policies represent a subtle pattern of ‘everday resistnce’ and are not simply the blending of Portuguese Catholic and Hindu cultures.