Abstract
Ca2+-dependent Cell Signaling through Calmodulin-activated Protein Phosphatase and Protein Kinases Minireview Series
Highlights
Over 100 years ago Sydney Ringer first showed that extracellular Ca2ϩ was necessary for muscle contractions [1]
Research during the past 50 years has revealed that intracellular Ca2ϩ mediates a large number of cellular responses with the high affinity and specificity required for a regulatory second messenger
A large proportion of studies focused on calmodulin because it was recognized as a regulator of many different target enzymes [4]
Summary
Over 100 years ago Sydney Ringer first showed that extracellular Ca2ϩ was necessary for muscle contractions [1]. The class of proteins that binds Ca2ϩ with high affinity and specificity includes hundreds of members [3]. Calmodulin interactions with proteins are categorized into six distinct classes based on Ca2ϩ-independent and -dependent modes of binding and regulation [5].
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