Abstract
Wound repair of cell membrane is a vital physiological phenomenon. We examined wound repair in Dictyostelium cells by using a laserporation, which we recently invented. We examined the influx of fluorescent dyes from the external medium and monitored the cytosolic Ca2+ after wounding. The influx of Ca2+ through the wound pore was essential for wound repair. Annexin and ESCRT components accumulated at the wound site upon wounding as previously described in animal cells, but these were not essential for wound repair in Dictyostelium cells. We discovered that calmodulin accumulated at the wound site upon wounding, which was essential for wound repair. The membrane accumulated at the wound site to plug the wound pore by two-steps, depending on Ca2+ influx and calmodulin. From several lines of evidence, the membrane plug was derived from de novo generated vesicles at the wound site. Actin filaments also accumulated at the wound site, depending on Ca2+ influx and calmodulin. Actin accumulation was essential for wound repair, but microtubules were not essential. A molecular mechanism of wound repair will be discussed.
Highlights
The survival of single cells is largely dependent on their cell membrane
We examined the opening of a pore in the cell membrane by laserporation in the presence of propidium iodide (PI), which emits fluorescence when it binds to RNA and DNA, in the external medium (BSS), a physiological saline that contains 3 mM Ca2+
We used our recently invented laserporation method to make a wound in Dictyostelium cells, and found that annexin C1, calmodulin, and Endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) components quickly accumulated at the wound site
Summary
The cell membrane has ability to protect the cell from extracellular harmful effectors such as physical damage, adverse environmental conditions, and pathogens. Studies involving cell membrane repair mechanisms are getting attention as it is related to various diseases including diabetes [3], muscular dystrophies [4,5], acute kidney injury [6], and vitamin deficiencies [7]. Many methods for introducing extracellular substances into cells, including microinjection and electroporation, rely on the cellular ability of wound repair. Researchers have developed various models and mechanisms related to wound repair in several model organisms such as Drosophila [8,9,10,11], Yeast [12], C. elegans [13], Xenopus [14], cultured animal cells [15,16,17,18,19], and Dictyostelium cells [20]. A common feature among them is Ca2+ influx from the external medium, which is a trigger and essential for wound repair [21,22]
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