Abstract
Cerebellar long-term depression (LTD) is a form of synaptic plasticity dependent on postsynaptic Ca2+ changes. One fundamental question is how LTD is selectively induced by specific numbers of Ca2+ pulses and which are the frequency and duration of this train of pulses required for LTD induction. The molecular mechanism which leads the integration of postsynaptic Ca2+ pulses in the LTD signaling network has not been elucidated either. Recent publications have shown that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is required for LTD induction. Additionally, protein kinase C (PKC), CaMKII, and MAPK play an important role to transduce the frequency of Ca2+ pulses into their enzymatic activity levels; however, it is still unknown which enzymes are involved in decoding Ca2+ pulses in LTD. We have extended a stochastic model of LTD by adding the molecular network regulating CaMKII activity and its activation. We solved this model with stochastic engine for pathway simulation to include the effect of biochemical noise in LTD. We systematically investigated the dependence of LTD induction on stimulus frequencies, and we found that LTD is selectively induced by a specific number of Ca2+ spikes at different frequencies. We observed that CaMKII is essential to induce LTD, and LTD is only weakly induced when its Thr286 phosphorylation site has been deleted. We found that CaMKII decodes the frequency of Ca2+ spikes into different amounts of kinase activity during LTD induction. In addition, PKC and ERK enzyme activity is highly sensitive to the frequency and the number of Ca2+ pulses and this sensitivity has an important effect on LTD activation. This research predicts the postsynaptic Ca2+ requirements to induce LTD using a typical synaptic activation sequence and explains how LTD is selectively induced by specific number of Ca2+ pulses at different frequencies.
Highlights
Cerebellar long-term depression (LTD) is a form of synaptic plasticity involved in motor learning (Ito, 2001)
Through stochastic modeling we built a detailed mechanistic model of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activation and we included this model into the LTD molecular network in order to study the postsynaptic Ca2+ requirements to induce LTD using a typical synaptic activation procedure and to explain how LTD is selectively induced by specific numbers of Ca2+ pulses
We found that for LTD or non-LTD states protein kinase C (PKC) leads the induction of LTD and CaMKII remains active for both states
Summary
Cerebellar long-term depression (LTD) is a form of synaptic plasticity involved in motor learning (Ito, 2001). It is characterized as a robust and persistent decrease in the synaptic transmission between parallel fibers (PF) and Purkinje cells (PCs) which is induced by paired stimulation by PF and CF (Ito and Kano, 1982). Purkinje cell expresses molecular mechanisms to detect conjunctive PF and CF activation to generate a calcium signal. The supralinear calcium response to conjunctive PF-CF inputs is caused by a positive feedback loop in which a Ca2+ elevation increases Ca2+ release trough the IP3R (Doi et al, 2005)
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