Ca 2+-binding proteins in the retina: from discovery to etiology of human disease

Abstract

Examination of the role of Ca 2+-binding proteins (CaBPs) in mammalian retinal neurons has yielded new insights into the function of these proteins in normal and pathological states. In the last 8 years, studies on guanylate cyclase (GC) regulation by three GC-activating proteins (GCAP1–3) led to several breakthroughs, among them the recent biochemical analysis of GCAP1(Y99) mutants associated with autosomal dominant cone dystrophy. Perturbation of Ca 2+ homeostasis controlled by mutant GCAP1 in photoreceptor cells may result ultimately in degeneration of these cells. Here, detailed analysis of biochemical properties of GCAP1(P50L), which causes a milder form of autosomal dominant cone dystrophy than constitutive active Y99C mutation, showed that the P50L mutation resulted in a decrease of Ca 2+-binding, without changes in the GC activity profile of the mutant GCAP1. In contrast to this biochemically well-defined regulatory mechanism that involves GCAPs, understanding of other processes in the retina that are regulated by Ca 2+ is at a rudimentary stage. Recently, we have identified five homologous genes encoding CaBPs that are expressed in the mammalian retina. Several members of this subfamily are also present in other tissues. In contrast to GCAPs, the function of this subfamily of calmodulin (CaM)-like CaBPs is poorly understood. CaBPs are closely related to CaM and in biochemical assays CaBPs substitute for CaM in stimulation of CaM-dependent kinase II, and calcineurin, a protein phosphatase. These results suggest that CaM-like CaBPs have evolved into diverse subfamilies that control fundamental processes in cells where they are expressed.