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Abstract
The large number of recent reviews and evaluations devoted to the actions of calmodulin (CAM) as a mediator of Ca2+ signaling retleets the great interest in the key role of CaH in a variety of processes in the cell (6. 19 . 20, 26, 82), as well as the rapid increase in understanding the role of CAM in the mechanisms underlying these essential physiological functions (10. 21,28,33,36,56,57,59,66,83,99, lOa, 110, 1 l 7 . 139). The examples discussed in these compendia characterize in detail some of the regulatory actions of calmodulin in the cell, but the list of such actions is growing with the continuing identification of specific targets for activation by CAM (e.g. see 6, 18, 29, 43, 53, 140). Recent explorations of CAM-regulated processes have taken advantage of the special physiological properties of a variety of organisms in which the direct requirements for Ca2+ -activated CAM can be revealed by genetic manipulation (25, 75). Such approaches exploit strain-specific variants of CAM (e.g. see 41. 66. 69, 76. 106). as well as differences in the properties of its targets [e.g. the CAM-regulated kinases (99) and the phosphatases that have been described earlier in vertebrates (8)J. The functional insights emerging from these studies. focused on the actions of ci+ -activated CAM, are gaining mechanistic value from 213
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