Abstract
The aim of this study is to detect the effects of C60 fullerenes, which possess pronounced antioxidant properties, in comparison with the actions of the known exogenous antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and β-Alanine in terms of exercise tolerance and contractile property changes of the m. triceps surae (TS) during development of the muscle fatigue in rats. The electrical stimulation of the TS muscle during four 30 min series in control rats led to total reduction of the muscle contraction force. Furthermore, the effects of prior intraperitoneal (i.p.) or oral C60FAS application and preliminary i.p. injection of NAC or β-Alanine on muscle contraction force under fatigue development conditions is studied. In contrast to control rats, animals with C60FAS, NAC, or β-Alanine administration could maintain a constant level of muscle effort over five stimulation series. The accumulation of secondary products and changes in antioxidant levels in the muscle tissues were also determined after the fatigue tests. The increased levels of lactic acid, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and H2O2 after stimulation were statistically significant with respect to intact muscles. In the working muscle, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the activity of endogenous antioxidants: reduced glutathione, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. Treated animal groups showed a decrease in endogenous antioxidant activity relative to the fatigue-induced animals (P < 0.05). Oral C60FAS administration clearly demonstrated an action on skeletal muscle fatigue development similar to the effects of i.p. injections of the exogenous antioxidants NAC or β-Alanine. This creates opportunities to oral use of C60FAS as a potential therapeutic agent. Due to the membranotropic activity of C60 fullerenes, non-toxic C60FAS has a more pronounced effect on the prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis of muscle tissues in rats.
Highlights
Fullerenes are a new kind of organic compounds, consisting of carbon atoms with very attractive photo, electrochemical and physical properties that can be used in many biological fields, which make fullerenes potential therapeutic agents for a wide range of applications in nanomedicine (Anilkumar et al, 2011; Dellinger et al, 2013; Castro et al, 2017)
The main advantage of using pristine C60 fullerenes as powerful antioxidants (Gharbi et al, 2005; Prylutska et al, 2008) is their ability to be localized preferentially to mitochondria, which generates a substantial amount of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Foley et al, 2002; Youle and Karbowski, 2005)
The dynamic light scattering (DLS) results for investigated pristine C60 fullerene aqueous colloid solution (C60FAS) clearly demonstrate that there was a monomodal nanoparticle size distribution in a (15–30) nm range, i.e., these nanoparticles in particular have specific bioactivity
Summary
Fullerenes are a new kind of organic compounds, consisting of carbon atoms with very attractive photo-, electrochemical and physical properties that can be used in many biological fields, which make fullerenes potential therapeutic agents for a wide range of applications in nanomedicine (Anilkumar et al, 2011; Dellinger et al, 2013; Castro et al, 2017). Some fullerene derivatives exhibit inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase (Mashino et al, 2005; Nakamura and Mashino, 2012), and can stabilize immune effector cells to prevent or inhibit the release of proinflammatory mediators, making them potential candidates for a variety of diseases, such as asthma, arthritis, and multiple sclerosis (Dellinger et al, 2013). Fullerenes and their derivatives are excellent candidates for multiple functionalization. The understanding of the mechanisms involved in the process of increasing antioxidant enzymes during exhaustive exercise has yet to be under debate
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