Abstract
The catalytic conversion of diphenyl ether (DPE), a dimeric model compound representing 4-O-5 lignin linkages, has been investigated using a hydrophobized bifunctional Pd/HY catalyst since the hydrophobicity of the catalyst significantly improved conversion and carbon balance. Partial hydrogenation of DPE was found to be an essential step before CO bond cleavage and CC bond formation, which are the target reactions in this study. The main products resulting from the CO cleavage are phenol and cyclohexanone, which subsequently can undergo CC coupling via alkylation and aldol condensation. The balance between hydrogenation activity of the metal and the acidic function of zeolite was found to play an important role for maximizing the yield of CC coupling products, which are desirable in the upgrading of lignin-derived compounds to fuel components.
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