Abstract
A magnetic-based immunoassay (MBI) combined with biotin-streptavidin amplification was proposed for butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) investigation and risk assessment. The values of LOD (limit of detection, IC10) and IC50 were 0.57 ng/mL and 119.61 ng/mL, with a detection range of 0.57–24,977.71 ng/mL for MBI. The specificity, accuracy and precision are well demonstrated. A total of 36 environmental water samples of urban sewage from Zhenjiang, China, were collected and assessed for BBP contamination. The results show that BBP-positive levels ranged from 2.47 to 89.21 ng/mL, with a positive rate of 77.8%. The health effects of BBP in the urban sewage were within a controllable range, and the ambient severity for health (ASI) was below 1.49. The highest value of AS for ecology (ASII) was 7.43, which indicates a potential harm to ecology. The entropy value of risk quotient was below 100, the highest being 59.47, which poses a low risk to the environment and ecology, indicating that there is a need to strengthen BBP controls. The non-carcinogenic risk of BBP exposure from drinking water was higher for females than that for males, and the non-carcinogenic risk from drinking-water and bathing pathways was negligible. This study could provide an alternative method for detecting BBP and essential information for controlling BBP contamination.
Highlights
IntroductionThrough its long-term use, butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) has been internationally released into water, soil, atmosphere and even organisms, causing high risks to environmental ecology and human health [4,5]
As one important member of phthalic acid esters, butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) is widely used in plastics, clothing, automobiles, cosmetics and other industries [1–3].Through its long-term use, BBP has been internationally released into water, soil, atmosphere and even organisms, causing high risks to environmental ecology and human health [4,5]
This study suggests that ecological environmental destruction and the potential health risks from environmental contaminants are closely related to human production activities and rapid economic development
Summary
Through its long-term use, BBP has been internationally released into water, soil, atmosphere and even organisms, causing high risks to environmental ecology and human health [4,5]. Many researchers have demonstrated that the ecological levels of BBP in water in China are relatively higher than those abroad [6,7]. The Yangtze River Delta region of China (e.g., Shanghai, Nanjing or Zhenjiang) is an area characterized by abundant water and a developed economy and has been shown to have a high-level of BBP contamination [9]. Environmental toxicology research has reported that the concentration values for 50% of maximal effect (EC50 ) for BBP are as follows: 0.51 mg/L in seabass, 0.55–0.66 mg/L in sole fish and 0.68–3.0 mg/L in small sheepshead fish [10]. The health and the ecological target values were set at 60 μg/L and 12 μg/L for BBP, respectively [11]
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