Buruli Ulcer in Long-Term Traveler to Senegal

Abstract

To the Editor: Buruli ulcer (BU) is caused by infection of subcutaneous fat with the environmental pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans. BU has been reported or suspected in more than 30 countries. It has never been reported in Senegal and Guinea-Bissau (1). We report a case of travel-associated BU in a French traveler to Senegal. The patient was a 24-year-old Caucasian man who came to the University Hospital of Bordeaux, France, with a nonhealing lesion on the anterior left leg that had been present for ≈12 weeks. The patient had traveled in Senegal to the border of Guinea-Bissau from September 2006 through August 2007. His trip had begun in Dakar and proceeded south to the districts of Kaolack, Toubacouta, and Casamance. The patient stayed in Casamance during the rainy season from June 2007 through August 2007. He had been working on construction of wood dugouts, had been bare-legged regularly, and had been in contact with stagnant water. He first noticed a lesion during June 2007, which had gradually increased to a small, centrally crusted ulcer. By the end of August 2007 (week 8 of the lesion), skin examination showed a 3 × 6-cm necrotizing ulcer with central crusting and an erythematous border (Figure). The lesion was not warm or tender but generated a seropurulent discharge. Concurrently, palpable left inguinal lymph nodes were observed. Figure Ulcer (3 × 6 cm) on anterior side of the left leg of the patient, showing an erythematous border. Bacteriologic swabs identified Staphylococcus aureus and group A Streptoccocus pyogenes. Two punch-biopsy specimens were taken from the border of the lesion. Histologic analysis showed nonspecific acute and chronic dermal inflammation with necrotizing granulomas that extended into the subcutaneous tissues, suggestive of infection with atypical Mycobacterium spp. Bacteriologic examination did not identify acid-fast bacilli (negative direct smear result after Ziehl-Neelsen staining) or other specific microorganisms (negative direct smear results after periodic acid–Schiff, Giemsa, and Gram staining). Tissue specimens were placed into BACTEC 12B broth (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) (incubated at 35°C) and onto Lowenstein-Jensen slants (incubated at 30°C). No growth was detected after 42 days. On the basis of clinical findings, we suspected a diagnosis of BU. Taq-Man real-time quantitative PCR that used primers for 2 M. ulcerans–specific genes (insertion sequence 2404 and ketoreductase B gene) (2,3) and negative controls showed positive results for DNA from both biopsy specimens. A normalized standard curve was constructed, which indicated a bacterial load of ≈6 × 103 organisms/g of tissue. Laboratory investigations indicated a total leukocyte count of 16,400 cells/μL (reference range 3,600–10,000 cells/μL) and a C-reactive protein level of 0.59 mg/mL (reference value <0.01 mg/mL). Results of radiologic investigations were normal. The patient was treated with rifampin (600 mg/day) and moxifloxacin (400 mg/day) for 12 weeks. Additional surgical excision was planned 4 weeks after treatment was begun. Unfortunately, 15 days later, the patient was lost to follow-up. BU has been reported in many West African countries, with Guinea being the northern limit of reported cases. Detection of this case of BU suggests that the region in West Africa endemic for this disease has been underestimated or is expanding. Infection in the traveler may have occurred in Casamance, if one assumes an incubation period of 6 weeks to 3 months. Further cases should be actively sought in this region and adjoining districts visited to evaluate the geographic extent of the disease. The environmental reservoir and mode of transmission of BU in our patient are unknown. Exposure of unprotected skin with stagnant or slow-flowing water is linked with BU. Our patient reported prolonged contact with water during his occupation. Recent studies implicating aquatic predator insects (4,5) and mosquitoes (6) in transmission of BU suggest that use of insect repellents and protective clothing may help prevent infection. The diagnosis of BU in this patient relied on the PCR detection of 2 M. ulcerans–specific genes; this procedure is considered adequate (7,8). The relatively low number of organisms detected may explain the negative acid-fast bacilli smear and culture results (9). Our report of M. ulcerans infection from Senegal is not surprising because southern Senegal shares similar ecologic features with neighboring affected countries, especially during the heavy rainy season. Although BU is a disease that affects mainly persons in recognized disease-endemic areas, this case emphasizes that tropical skin ulcers should be considered in differential diagnosis of BU in travelers returning from disease-endemic countries (1,10). Diagnostic delays can be avoided by use of M. ulcerans–specific PCR, a test available from World Health Organization collaborating laboratories, which enables rapid confirmation of diagnosis of BU.