Abstract
2-(1-Undecyloxy)-1-ethanol, monochamol, is a male-produced aggregation pheromone of the Monochamus species, which are efficient vectors of the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which cause devastating damage to pines worldwide. The nematicidal activity of synthetic monochamol and its homologues (ROEtOH: R = C7-C13) were investigated to find potential alternatives to the currently used PWN control agents abamectin and emamectin. Compounds with C7-C13 chain length alkyl groups exhibited 100% nematicidal activity at a concentration of 1000 mg/L. At a concentration of 100 mg/L, 2-(1-nonyloxy)-1-ethanol (C9OEtOH), 2-(1-decyloxy)-1-ethanol (C10OEtOH), 2-(1-undecyloxy)-1-ethanol (C11OEtOH), and 2-(1-dodecyloxy)-1-ethanol (C12OEtOH) showed 100% nematicidal activity, but the others showed weaker activities. C11OEtOH showed similar nematicidal activity to abamectin in terms of LD90 values, which were 13.30 and 12.53 mg/L, respectively. However, C9OEtOH, C10OEtOH, and C12OEtOH (LC90 values: 53.63, 38.18, and 46.68 mg/L, respectively) were less effective than C11OEtOH and abamectin. These results indicate that monochamol could be an effective alternative agent against PWN. The relationship of insecticidal and nematicidal activity to different carbon chain lengths in compounds is discussed.
Highlights
Pine wilt disease, caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), is a major threat to global pine forest ecosystems in locations, including Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, Portugal, and Spain[1,2]
Abamectin and emamectin benzoate, which both belong to the family of avermectins, are primarily used as trunk-injection agents for the control of PWN9–11
Monochamus species are known as efficient vectors of PWN in many countries: M. alternatus and M. saltuarius in Korea and Japan, M. carolinensis in the United States, and M. galloprovincialis in Europe[18]
Summary
2-(1-undecyloxy)-1-ethanol received: 31 December 2015 accepted: 13 June 2016 Published: 11 July 2016. 2-(1-Undecyloxy)-1-ethanol, monochamol, is a male-produced aggregation pheromone of the Monochamus species, which are efficient vectors of the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which cause devastating damage to pines worldwide. The nematicidal activity of synthetic monochamol and its homologues (ROEtOH: R = C7-C13) were investigated to find potential alternatives to the currently used PWN control agents abamectin and emamectin. Abamectin and emamectin benzoate, which both belong to the family of avermectins, are primarily used as trunk-injection agents for the control of PWN9–11. These agents are known to be effective against PWN12 and safe for the environment[13]. Compound C7OEtOH C8OEtOH C9OEtOH C10OEtOH C11OEtOH C12OEtOH C13OEtOH Undecanol (C11OH) Control
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