Abstract
BackgroundBurnout has been traditionally defined in relation to the dimensions of "exhaustion", "cynicism", and "inefficiency". More recently, the Burnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire (BCSQ-12) further established three different subtypes of burnout: the "frenetic" subtype (related to "overload"), the "under-challenged" subtype (related to "lack of development"), and the "worn-out" subtype (related to "neglect"). However, to date, these definitions have not been applied to students. The aims of this research were (1) to adapt a Spanish version of the BCSQ-12 for use with students, (2) to test its factorial validity, internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, and (3) to assess potential socio-demographic and occupational risk factors associated with the development of the subtypes.MethodWe used a cross-sectional design on a sample of dental students (n = 314) from Santiago and Huesca universities (Spain). Participants completed the Burnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire Student Survey (BCSQ-12-SS), the Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey (MBI-SS), and a series of socio-demographic and occupational questions formulated for the specific purpose of this study. Data were subjected to exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using the principal component method with varimax orthogonal rotation. To assess the relations with the criterion, we calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient (r), multiple correlation coefficient (Ry.123), and the coefficient of determination (R2y.123). To assess the association between the subtypes and the socio-demographic variables, we examined the adjusted odds ratio (OR) obtained from multivariate logistic regression models.ResultsFactorial analyses supported the theoretical proposition of the BCSQ-12-SS, with α-values exceeding 0.80 for all dimensions. The "overload-exhaustion" relation was r = 0.59 (p < 0.001), "lack of development"-"cynicism", r = 0.49 (p < 0.001), "neglect"-"inefficiency", r = 0.47 (p < 0.001). The "overload"-"lack of development" relation was r = 0.21 (p < 0.001), "overload"-"neglect", r = 0.20 (p < 0.001), and "lack of development"-"neglect", r = 0.38 (p < 0.001). The BCSQ-12-SS explained 38.44% of the variability in "exhaustion", (Ry.123 = 0.62), 30.25% in "cynicism" (Ry.123 = 0.55), and 26.01% in "inefficiency" (Ry.123 = 0.51). "Hours spent on studying" was found to be associated with "overload" (p = 0.001), "campus" with "lack of development" (p = 0.013), and ""failed subjects" with "neglect" (p = 0.011).ConclusionsThe results support the definition of burnout as established by the BCSQ-12-SS. As such, the BCSQ-12-SS can be used for the recognition of clinical profiles and for the suggestion of potential intervention strategies specific to the characteristics of each particular case.
Highlights
Burnout has been traditionally defined in relation to the dimensions of “exhaustion”, “cynicism”, and “inefficiency”
The results support the definition of burnout as established by the BCSQ-12-SS
The BCSQ-12-SS represents an improvement on our understanding of burnout by enabling us to classify students affected by burnout into clinical subtypes, and by making it easier to understand the particular idiosyncrasies of individuals suffering from burnout
Summary
Burnout has been traditionally defined in relation to the dimensions of “exhaustion”, “cynicism”, and “inefficiency”. The Burnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire (BCSQ-12) further established three different subtypes of burnout: the “frenetic” subtype (related to “overload”), the “under-challenged” subtype (related to “lack of development”), and the “worn-out” subtype (related to “neglect”). To date, these definitions have not been applied to students. Burnout syndrome has been defined as a situation in which the affected person experiences feelings of “emotional fatigue”, “depersonalisation”, and “lack of personal achievement”. To be able to apply the definition of burnout across all kinds of occupations, this syndrome has been redefined and standardized on three dimensions: “exhaustion”, “cynicism”, and “inefficiency”. “inefficiency” refers to one’s feelings of inadequacy and incompetence when performing tasks at work [4]
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