Abstract
Due to the expansion of sugarcane crops and the high costs of agricultural inputs, an alternative for fertilization of the soil is the use of humic substances (HS) because they improve its physical-chemical properties. The objective of this study was to assess the biological degradation of fipronil in soil supplemented with HS. For determination of fipronil and its metabolites, we validated a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (QuEChERS/GC-MS) method, which yielded detection and quantification limits of 15.0 and 62.5 ng g-1, respectively. The method presented linearity of 0.99, precision between 1.5 and 10.9%, while the recovery ranged from 78 to 98%, with precision (relative standard deviation (RSD)) < 5%. The strain B. thailandensis of Burkholderia sp. grew under typical conditions for degradation of fipronil. Eight treatments assessed the degradation by B. thailandensis in the presence of HS. The metabolites produced in the experiment, although detected, could not be quantified because they were below the limit of quantification of the method. Our results showed that B. thailandensis has the potential to degrade fipronil, and that HS is not toxic to the microbiota, and does not inactivate fipronil.
Highlights
Sugarcane is a tropical plant belonging to the family of grasses, widely grown as a hybrid, and mainly found in tropical countries
The most frequent microorganism among the 96 sequenced clones is from the Clostridium genus, which is represented in the phylogenetic tree by S1 (49 clones)
The results showed that the QuEChERS/gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was efficient to determine fipronil and its metabolites fipronil sulfide and fipronil sulfone from soil samples under the complex experimental conditions, which were based on the forms of application and concentration of fipronil and humic substances (HS) used in the field
Summary
Sugarcane is a tropical plant belonging to the family of grasses, widely grown as a hybrid, and mainly found in tropical countries. Due to the expansion of sugarcane production and the high costs of farming, new ways of soil management are devised to increase productivity and promote environmental quality. With this purpose, one can add organic material in soil because, according to recent concepts, the efficient handling of soil organic matter is an effective method of improving quality and, agricultural productivity.[3]. HS can complex or chelate toxic substances, and such characteristics have drawn attention of many researchers due to the large increase of its use as fertilizer in agriculture, which in
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