Burial history and diagenesis: stable-isotope and fluid inclusion constraints on the timing of diagenetic events in the dolomitized Dolomia Principale Norian, Southern Alps of Italy)

Abstract

Basin evolution results from geodynamic and depositional events, but also from the burial history, that may be reflected in the diagenetic history recorded in the sedimentary rocks: the multidisciplinary study of diagenetic phases coupled with basin analyses may provide constraints on the timing of these events. The petrographic, cathodoluminescence (CL), stable isotope, and microthermometry investigation of inner platform facies of the pervasively dolomitized carbonate platform of the Norian (Upper Triassic) Dolomia Principale (Southern Alps, N Italy) identified two major dolomite phases. An early replacement fabric-retentive dolomite (D1 and D2, respectively replacing the sedimentary facies - from fenestral mudstone/wackestone to bioclastic packstone and mudstone and stromatolites- and early marine cements) is followed by a later, vug- and fracture-filling dolomite cement phase (D3, planar-s texture). The fabric-retentive dolomitized carbonates (< 4 µm−30 µm, D1) and marine fibrous cements (30 µm−250 µm, D2) exhibit dull luminescence under CL whereas the burial dolomite cement (200 µm−500 µm, D3) exhibits zoned luminescence. The δ13C values of the investigated dolomites (D1, D2, and D3) show a narrow range of variation (2.0 to 3.1 ‰ VPDB), pointing toward a fluid-buffered system. Differently, the δ18O values largely varies, ranging from −12.8 to +1.9 ‰ VPDB. In this range, D3 values cluster distinctively between −6.0 to −12.8 ‰ VPDB with respect to D1 and D2, which cluster from about −4 to +1.9 ‰ VPDB. The estimated oxygen isotope composition of the parent fluid of D1 and D2 (~0 to −5 ‰ VSMOW) suggests possible contributions from marine to slightly evaporated seawater, which is consistent with the arid climate and some basin restrictions suggested by earlier studies, whereas that of D3 (+1 to +5 ‰ VSMOW) is consistent with burial fluids. Microthermometric measurements of the primary two-phase fluid inclusions in D3 yielded a mean homogenization temperature of 112.4 ± 8.2oC. These results can be famed in the burial history of the studied basin, providing constraints on the timing of the diagenetic events. Supposing a surface seawater temperature of at least 20-25°C and a geothermal gradient of about 40°C/km (during the Early Jurassic rifting that led to the opening of the Alpine Tethys) such temperature might be reached at reasonable burial depth ranging from 2.0 km to about 2.5 km. According to the subsidence curve this depth, compatible with the temperature recorded by the fluid inclusions, was reached during the Early Jurassic, with D3 cement precipitation causing a significant reduction of the porosity. The followed integrated approach highlights the possibility to better characterize the occurrence of multiple diagenetic events in time and space, as well as their feedback effects on the porosity evolution of dolomitized carbonate reservoirs, framing the diagenetic events at basin scale.