Burden of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis and vascular risk factors among people living with HIV in Ghana

Abstract

BackgroundThe burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people living with HIV (PLWH) in sub-Saharan Africa is projected to rise due to a rapid epidemiological transition and improved treatment of HIV infection on the sub-continent. ObjectiveThe Evaluation of Vascular Event Risk while on Long-term Anti-retroviral Suppressive Therapy (EVERLAST) Study sought to assess the extent of subclinical atherosclerosis and characterize the nature of CVD risk factors among HIV patients on Antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Ghana. MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study involving HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy (n = 250) in comparison with HIV positive ART naïve (n = 201), and HIV uninfected controls (n = 250). We assessed prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, central obesity, and carotid atherosclerosis using B-mode carotid Doppler ultrasonography. We assessed factors associated with subclinical atherosclerosis defined by a carotid intimal media thickness (CIMT) cut-off of ≥0.78 mm among PLWH using a logistic regression model. ResultsMean age of PLWH on combination ART (cART) was 45.7 ± 8.6 years, 42.9 ± 8.8 years among PLWH not on cART, and 44.9 ± 9.5 years among HIV negative controls of which 81.2%, 81.6% and 81.1% respectively were females. Prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis at the common carotid artery in the three groups was 67.6%, 66.7% and 62.4%, p = 0.43. Among PLWH, raised serum total cholesterol (OR 1.16, 95% CI: 1.00–1.35) and triglycerides (OR 1.32, 95% CI: 1.01–1.73) were significantly associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Prevalence of vascular risk factors among PLWH on cART, PLWH cART naïve, and HIV negative controls respectively were as follows: dyslipidemia- 79.5%, 83.1%, and 73.5%, p = 0.04; hypertension- 40.2%, 23.4%, and 44.9%, p < 0.0001; central obesity-61.8%, 66.7%, and 78.2%, p < 0.0001; diabetes mellitus-6.8%, 5.5% and 4.9%, p = 0.53. ConclusionOverall while there is a high baseline prevalence of CVD risk factors in the Ghanaian population, serum lipid derangements appear to be more prevalent among HIV infected patients, and are linked to sub-clinical atherosclerosis. Future studies need to confirm these findings, explore the underlying pathophysiology, and optimize treatment strategies to avert untoward CVD outcomes.