Abstract
Bunias erucago belongs to the Brassicaceae family, which represents a forgotten crop of the Euro-Mediterranean area. The aim of the present study was to determine the glucosinolate profile in different plant parts and biological properties (antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and cytotoxic activities) of the isolates containing glucosinolate breakdown products. The chemical profiles were determined by using HPLC-PDA-MS/MS of desulfoglucosinolates and GC-MS of glucosinolate degradation products. The analysis of B. erucago showed the presence of seven glucosinolates: gluconapin (1), glucoraphasatin (2), glucoraphenin (3), glucoerucin (4), glucoraphanin (5), glucotropaeolin (6), and glucosinalbin (7). The total glucosinolate content ranged from 7.0 to 14.6 µmol/g of dry weight, with the major glucosinolate glucosinalbin in all parts. The antioxidant activity of all volatile isolates was not notable. At a tested concentration of 227 μg/mL, flower hydro-distillate (FH) showed good AChE inhibition, i.e., 40.9%, while root hydro-distillate (RH) had good activity against BChE, i.e., 54.3%. FH showed the best activity against both tested human bladder cancer cell lines, i.e., against T24 after 72 h, which have IC50 of 16.0 μg/mL, and against TCCSUP after 48 h with IC50 of 7.8 μg/mL, and can be considered as highly active. On the other hand, RH showed weak activity against tested cancer cells.
Highlights
Bunias is the genus of Brassicaceae family that includes only three accepted species, B. erucago L.(crested warty cabbage, corn rocket), B. orientalis L. (Turkish warty cabbage), and B. cochlearioidesMurray
To assess biological potential of B. erucago, we investigated its antioxidant activity using DPPH and Ferric Reducing Anti-Oxidative Power (FRAP) assays, cholinesterase inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase by using the Ellman method, and the cytotoxic activity against two human bladder cancer cell lines (T24 and TCCSUP) by using the MTT method
Bunias erucago was divided into three parts—flower, leaf and stem, and root—and analyzed for the presence of GSLs by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS analyses of their desulfo counterparts (Table 1 and Figures S1–S3) and GC-MS of their breakdown products obtained after hydro-distillation, i.e., extraction (Table 2)
Summary
Bunias is the genus of Brassicaceae family that includes only three accepted species, B. erucago L.(crested warty cabbage, corn rocket), B. orientalis L. (Turkish warty cabbage), and B. cochlearioidesMurray. B. erucago is a plant native to parts of Southern Europe, Mediterranean Africa, and Turkey [1,2] In some areas, it is cultivated on a small scale, since it is a key ingredient of different traditional dishes, but it is mostly collected in the wild and is considered a “neglected crop” [1]. More than 130 different structures have been identified, which originate from different known amino acids (Ala, Glu, Val, Leu, Ile, Met, SeMet, Trp, Phe, Tyr), and some from uncertain precursors [8] Their concentrations and profiles vary between plant species and within varieties [9]. Various volatile compounds can be formed by GSL degradation such as mostly isothiocyanates (ITCs) and nitriles Their presence is usually responsible for designated biological activities. The reports of GSLs breakdown products from this genus are available only for B. orientalis, while GSLs of B. erucago were not previously reported
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