Abstract
In the midst of the rapid developments in electronic instruments and remote sensing technologies, airborne three-line array sensors and their applications are being widely promoted and plentiful research related to data processing and high precision geo-referencing technologies is under way. The exterior orientation parameters (EOPs), which are measured by the integrated positioning and orientation system (POS) of airborne three-line sensors, however, have inevitable systematic errors, so the level of precision of direct geo-referencing is not sufficiently accurate for surveying and mapping applications. Consequently, a few ground control points are necessary to refine the exterior orientation parameters, and this paper will discuss bundle block adjustment models based on the systematic error compensation and the orientation image, considering the principle of an image sensor and the characteristics of the integrated POS. Unlike the models available in the literature, which mainly use a quaternion to represent the rotation matrix of exterior orientation, three rotation angles are directly used in order to effectively model and eliminate the systematic errors of the POS observations. Very good experimental results have been achieved with several real datasets that verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed adjustment models.
Highlights
The principle of three-line scanner imagery was first proposed by Hoffman et al [1]
The post-processing modules will compensate for the offset related to the projection center and the misalignment related to the inertial measurement unit (IMU) main axes, but many experiments have shown that some residual systematic errors will remain in the corrected positioning and orientation system (POS) data [23]
For airborne three-line scanner imagery, aerial triangulation is a prerequisite of photogrammetric product generation
Summary
The principle of three-line scanner imagery was first proposed by Hoffman et al [1]. The problem of the low vertical accuracy of adjustment, caused by the traditional small format images, was significantly improved by this method and has been successfully applied in the German MOMS02 project with very good results [2,3,4]. 2000, LH Systems successfully applied the three-line imagery technology in aerial photogrammetry and announced the airborne digital three-line scanner ADS40 [7,10,11]; and several airborne digital three-line scanners were released thereafter, such as StarImager [12,13,14] and 3-DAS-1 [14] These airborne digital three-line scanners usually have a global positioning system (GPS) and inertial measurement unit (IMU) on board that can acquire the exterior orientation parameters (EOPs) with considerable precision and provide more observations for bundle adjustment. Under these conditions, the coordinates of ground objects can be precisely determined with only four control points distributed at the four corners, thereby providing a new solution for the automation of photogrammetry. The achieved results are compared with the available results in the literature based on ω-φ-κ rotation angle system and quaternion
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