Abstract
Inhomogeneous fibrous materials are used in many absorbent applications. Such materials often consist of multiple layers, where each layer may play a different role in absorbing liquid (for example, rapid acquisition compared with long-term storage). Simple functional-closure relationships for describing flow in multi-layered materials are developed on the basis of solutions to steady-state vertical upwards and downwards infiltration. These relationships enable multiple-layered structures to be accurately modelled as homogeneous materials. Full numerical calculations confirm that these bulk-closure relations predict steady flows in multilayered materials. The bulk models of infiltration are tested for unsteady horizontal infiltration against full numerical calculations and shown to predict the length of the wetted region and the moisture distribution, except near the front of the capillary fringe. Some consequences for the design of absorbent products are discussed.
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