Abstract
Abstract The First and Second Bulgarian Empires emerged on the Danube in the eastern Balkans. The process commenced in 680/681 when Bulgar warriors crossed the Danube and settled in the former Roman province of Moesia (modern northern Bulgaria). The First Bulgarian Empire fell in 1018 when Byzantium annexed its territory. The successful rebellion of the Asenevtsi family in 1185 established the Second Bulgarian Empire with its capital at Turnovo. Weakened by internal strife and foreign attack, it was conquered by the Ottomans in 1371–1422. Having adopted Eastern Christianity, both polities sought to secure independent patriarchates. Medieval Bulgaria served as an important cultural conduit between the Byzantine and Slavic worlds. The development and establishment of Old Church Slavonic and the Cyrillic script are among the major contributions of the medieval Bulgarians to the Eastern Orthodox liturgy and to Slavic philology and writing.
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