Abstract
Ten multi-hour atmospheric dispersion SF 6 tracer experiments were conducted during October and November of 1987 near a large oil gathering facility in the Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, oilfield reservation. The purpose of this study was to investigate dispersion under arctic conditions and in situations where building-generated airflow disturbances dominate downwind distributions of ground level pollutant concentrations. This was accomplished with a network of micrometeorological instruments, portable syringe tracer samplers, continuous tracer analyzers, and infrared visualization of near source plume behavior. Atmospheric stability and wind speed profiles at this arctic site are influenced by the smooth (surface roughness = 0.03 cm), snow covered tundra surface which receives negligible levels of solar isolation in winter. The dispersion of pollutants emitted from sources within the oil gathering facility, however, is dominated by the influence of nearby buildings when high winds generate elevated ground level concentrations. An order of magnitude increase in maximum ground level concentration was observed as wind speeds increased from 5 to 8 m s −1 and another order of magnitude increase was observed as winds increased from 8 to 16 m s −1. Variation in maximum concentrations was also observed with changes in wind direction. Vertical plume diffusion ( σ z ) near the buildings was a factor of 2–3 greater than that observed in open terrain and was dependent on both wind speed and the projected building width and location of nearby buildings. Wind tunnel tracer distributions for east winds agree with field observations but also indicate that a significant increase in plume downwash occurs with other wind directions. Concentration distributions were calculated using several versions of the Industrial Source Complex (ISC) model. Model estimates of ground level concentrations were within a factor of three depending on wind direction. The model predictions are extremely sensitive to the ratio of plume height to vertical plume diffusion which is significantly influenced by a complex aerodynamic wake in the field.
Highlights
The development and evaluation of air quality modeling techniques have greatly benefited from transport and diffusion field studies
These include early experiments using smoke visualization techniques (Richardson, 1920); the classical large scale, open terrain diffusion experiments such as Project Prairie Grass (Haugen, 1959) which provide the empirical basis for the Pasquill-Gifford (PG) curves used in current regulatory air quality models; and more recent investigations of sites and conditions which deviate from the relatively simple dispersion environment of earlier experiments
In this paper we present the results of a field tracer investigation of plume transport and diffusion near the clustered and interconnected buildings of an arctic industrial complex
Summary
The development and evaluation of air quality modeling techniques have greatly benefited from transport and diffusion field studies. These include early experiments using smoke visualization techniques (Richardson, 1920); the classical large scale, open terrain diffusion experiments such as Project Prairie Grass (Haugen, 1959) which provide the empirical basis for the Pasquill-Gifford (PG) curves used in current regulatory air quality models; and more recent investigations of sites and conditions which deviate from the relatively simple dispersion environment of earlier experiments. In this paper we present the results of a field tracer investigation of plume transport and diffusion near the clustered and interconnected buildings of an arctic industrial complex. Maximum concentrations can increase significantly as high winds generate downwash conditions around the low turbine and heater stacks typical of an arctic industrial complex.
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