Building Trust and Flexibility: A Brazilian View of the Fuel Swap with Iran

Abstract

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Peter Crail, “Brazil, Turkey Broker Fuel Swap With Iran,” Arms Control Today, June 2010, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2010_06/FuelSwap. 2. Ian Anthony, The End of Deference: Iran, Brazil and Turkey and the Nuclear Fuel Swap (Madrid: Real Instituto Elcano, June 11, 2010), http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/wcm/connect/00f5140042cff2099972f95cb2335b49/ARI96-2010_Anthony_Iran_Brazil_Turkey_Nuclear_Fuel_Swap.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=00f5140042cff2099972f95cb2335b49. 3. Ian Anthony, The End of Deference: Iran, Brazil and Turkey and the Nuclear Fuel Swap (Madrid: Real Instituto Elcano, June 11, 2010), http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/wcm/connect/00f5140042cff2099972f95cb2335b49/ARI96-2010_Anthony_Iran_Brazil_Turkey_Nuclear_Fuel_Swap.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=00f5140042cff2099972f95cb2335b49. 4. Peter Crail, “Iranian Fuel Swap Still Up for Discussion,” Arms Control Today, July/August 2010, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2010_07/IranFuelSwap. 5. Trita Parsi, “The Turkey-Brazil-Iran deal: Can Washington take ‘yes’ for an answer?” Foreign Policy, May 17, 2010, http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/05/17/the_turkey_brazil_iran_deal_can_washington_take_yes_for_an_answer. 6. Michael Anton, “Iran, Turkey, Brazil, and The Bomb,” The Weekly Standard, May 20, 2010, http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/iran-turkey-brazil-and-bomb?page=2. 7. Michael Anton, “Iran, Turkey, Brazil, and The Bomb,” The Weekly Standard, May 20, 2010, http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/iran-turkey-brazil-and-bomb?page=2. 8. Celso Amorim, “Let's Hear From the New Kids on the Block,” New York Times, June 14, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/15/opinion/15iht-edamorim.html?ref=global. 9. Anton, “Iran, Turkey, Brazil, and The Bomb.” 10. Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran, “Obama's Letter to Lula Regarding Brazil-Iran-Turkey Nuclear Negotiations,” April 20, 2010, http://www.campaigniran.org/casmii/index.php?q=node/10195. 11. Peter Crail, “Iran-Turkey-Brazil Fuel Deal Has Potential if Iran Provides Follow-Up Steps,” Arms Control Association Issue Briefs, May 17, 2010, http://www.armscontrol.org/issuebriefs/IranTurkeyBrazilFuelDeal. 12. “Brazil ‘quits as mediator’ over Iran, Turkey Alone,” World Bulletin, June 21, 2010, http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=60253. 13. Crail, “Brazil, Turkey Broker Fuel Swap With Iran.” 14. For a thorough discussion of the idea of consensual hegemony, see Sean Burges, “Without Sticks or Carrots: Brazilian Leadership in South America During the Cardoso Era, 1992-2003,” Bulletin of Latin American Research 25, no. 1 (January 2006): pp. 23–42. 15. “Irã: Fidel Castro elogia posição de Lula,” Blog do Alvaro Dias, June 11, 2010, http://www.blogalvarodias.com/2010/06/ira-fidel-castro-elogia-posicao-de-lula/. 16. Eduardo Fujii and Sarah Diehl, “Brazil Challenges International Order by Backing Iran Fuel Swap,” NTI, July 15, 2010, http://www.nti.org/e_research/e3_brazil_iran_diplomacy.html. 17. Parisa Hafezi and Fernando Exman, “Iran makes nuclear offer, but West unconvinced,” Reuters, May 17, 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64G18A20100517?pageNumber=2. 18. Crail, “Brazil, Turkey Broker Fuel Swap With Iran.” 19. Marc Perelman, “ElBaradei: Brazil-Iran-Turkey Nuclear Deal ‘Quite a Good Agreement’,” MRZine, May 23, 2010, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2010/elbaradei230510.html. 20. Beatriz Farrugia, “Lampreia acredita que Lula irá fracassar em tentativa de diálogo com Irã,” Opera Mundi, May 15, 2010, http://operamundi.uol.com.br/noticias_ver.php?idConteudo=4097. 21. Fujii and Diehl, “Brazil Challenges International Order by Backing Iran Fuel Swap.” 22. Fujii and Diehl, “Brazil Challenges International Order by Backing Iran Fuel Swap.” 23. Raul Jungmann, “Brasil dá tempo para o Irã construir a bomba atômica, diz Jungmann,” June 9, 2010, http://www.rauljungmann.com.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3099:brasil-da-tempo-para-o-ira-construir-a-bomba-atomica-diz-jungmann&catid=55:noticias-de-raul&Itemid=144. 24. Veronica Lima, “Oposição questiona intervenção brasileira em programa nuclear do Irã,” Camara dos Deputados, June 9, 2010, http://www.camara.gov.br/internet/Radiocamara/default.asp?selecao=MAT&Materia=106500. 25. “Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear elogia acordo do Brasil com o Irã,” Agência Brasil, May 17, 2010. 26. Ângela Góes and Wagner Gomes, “Irã: ONGs exigem que Lula leve questão dos direitos humanos para mesa de negociação,” O Globo, May 14, 2010, http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/mat/2010/05/13/ira-ongs-exigem-que-lula-leve-questao-dos-direitos-humanos-para-mesa-de-negociacao-916581446.asp. 27. Dennis de Oliveira, “O acordo Brasil-Irã-Turquia e o mal-estar da grande mídia,” Vermelho, May 20, 2010, http://www.vermelho.org.br/noticia.php?id_noticia=129718&id_secao=6. 28. “Amorim volta a defender acordo com o Irã,” Blog do Alvaro Dias, June 15, 2010, http://www.blogalvarodias.com/2010/06/amorim-volta-a-defender-acordo-com-o-ira/. 29. Lucia Müzell, “Garcia: EUA ‘vão se dar mal’ se optarem por sanção ao Irã,” Terra, May 18, 2010, http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI4437255-EI306,00-Garcia+EUA+vao+se+dar+mal+se+optarem+por+sancao+ao+Ira.html. 30. Patrick Seale, “The Turkey-Brazil-Iran Agreement: Thanks, but No Thanks?” Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, August 2010, http://www.wrmea.com/component/content/article/357/9745-four-views-the-turkey-brazil-iran-agreement-thanks-but-no-thanks.html. 31. Fujii and Diehl, “Brazil Challenges International Order by Backing Iran Fuel Swap.” 32. Maria Rost Rublee, “The Nuclear Threshold States: Challenges and Opportunities Posed by Brazil and Japan,” Nonproliferation Review 17, no. 1 (March 2010): p. 54, http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/npr_17-1_rost_rublee.pdf. 33. Fujii and Diehl, “Brazil Challenges International Order by Backing Iran Fuel Swap.” 34. Tullo Vigevani and Gabriel Cepaluni, “Lula's Foreign Policy and the Quest for Autonomy through Diversification,” Third World Quarterly 28, no.7 (October 2007): pp. 1309–1326. 35. Amorim, “Let's Hear From the New Kids on the Block.” 36. Maria Regina Soares de Lima and Monica Hirst, “Brazil as an Intermediate State and Regional Power: Action, Choice and Responsibilities,” International Affairs 82, no.1 (2006): pp.29–33. 37. “Dilma Rousseff e Marina Silva expõem suas idéias sobre política externa,” Política Externa 19, no.2 (September/October/November 2010): p.24. 38. “Dilma Rousseff e Marina Silva expõem suas idéias sobre política externa,” Política Externa 19, no.2 (September/October/November 2010): p.24. 39. Fujii and Diehl, “Brazil Challenges International Order by Backing Iran Fuel Swap.” 40. Joby Warrick, “Iran nuclear talks break down without an agreement,” Washington Post, January 23, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/22/AR2011012203405.html. Additional informationNotes on contributorsDiego Santos Vieira de JesusDiego Santos Vieira de Jesus is a professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil