Building the town in the country: official understandings of fire, logging and biodiversity to Oaxaca, Mexico, 1926–2004*

The article presents the main assumptions for the protection of objects and features of inanimate natural value in protected areas – attractions that may constitute the basis for developing geotourism in a region, on the example of the Stołowe Mountains National Park. Geo-touristic potential was presented based on the analysis of official legal documents devel-oped for the protection of the Park. These were: the draft plan for the protection of PNGS and the Park’s 2014–22 protection tasks de-signed to determine the threats related to tour-ism development, as well as the Park’s official website. Geotouristic resources were presented in documents, and their selection is a practical expression of the tourism development policy in the protected area. The method of presentation was also analysed. The Stołowe Mountains National Park is located in the Stołowe Mountains, which are part of the Central Sudetes. Its geotouristic at-tractiveness is determined by its unique relief, which reflects its geological structure. Most of the mountains, built of sedimentary rocks, are examples of structural relief. It is the only ex-ample of slab relief in Poland. The area is protected by the Nature Conservation Act of 16 April 2004. The Act requires that a nature conservation plan be developed according to which specific natural resources, including in-animate ones, should be protected. If the plan has not yet been approved, temporary protection of resources is conducted based on protection tasks approved each time by the competent minister. The current set of tasks consists of several parts. These include: the identification and assessment of existing and potential internal and external threats; the indication of ways to eliminate or reduce these threats and their effects; the description of the methods of active protection of ecosystems, specifying their type, size and location; and the determination of places made available for scientific, educational, tourist purposes together with the maximum number of people that can stay in these places at any one time. Apart from the above set of tasks, the need for protection is shown in the Park’s draft nature protection plan. Some of the protection objectives there mention preserving biological diversity and geological and geomorphological heritage, as well as shaping appropriate human attitudes towards nature through education, information and promotion in the field of nature protection. Due to the richness of the geoheritage, the objectives of protecting inanimate nature were also indicated. The project contains a list of the most valuable geological and geomorphological objects found in the area of the Park – a total of 73 objects. The top ten, in the order of the list, were: Szczeliniec Wielki, Błędne Skały, Białe Skały, Rocks at Radkowskie Urwisko, rocks at Słoneczne Cliff, Skalne Grzyby, the rocks of Góra Zbój, the rocks of Góra Dzik, the rocks of Fort Karol and Samotnika, and Skałki Łężyckie. This list became the basis for the promotion of geotourism resources pre-sented at the Park’s official website. The places and manner of presentation were analysed. The analysis of the documents that de-scribe the activities of the Stołowe Mountains National Park shows that they are well thought-out and fit into the nature protection policy in Poland and basically meet all the requirements related to inanimate nature. This applies to the implementation of the tasks set out in article 3 of the Act, which includes legal protection of resources, formations and components of nature, implementation of the programme for the protection of sustainable usage of biodiversity, along with the action planning and con-ducting of educational, information and promotional activities in the field of nature protection. The tasks of national parks are clarified in Article 8 of the Act: indicating how protective activities are conducted in the park's ecosystems, making the area of the national park available on the terms set out in the protection plan or protective tasks, and conducting activities related to environmental education (Journal of Laws of 004, No. 92, item 880). All these elements are implemented by the Stołowe Mountains National Park, or at least the will to do so is expressed in the relevant documents specifying tasks that take into account the specificity of the area it protects. This specificity stems from the unique relief of the mountains, together with their inanimate nature resources. As clearly seen from the analysed documents and source materials, the park also fulfils its statutory obligation to make available the in-animate nature attractions, for research, educational and tourist purposes alike. The particular points of the protection tasks or the draft protection plan indicate a sustainable approach to the use of attractions. The threats described in the documents are followed by ideas for reducing or eliminating them, so that the re-sources of inanimate nature can be made avail-able to visitors to the Park. The type of protective tasks and their size, which has a very practical and detailed dimension, are also defined. The Park, in accordance with the obligations imposed on it, undertakes appropriate pro-motional activities. It prepares its resources for reception by visitors by distributing relevant in-formation and prepares tourist products on the basis of geotourism resources. Such products are themed trails – didactic trails. In this way, the Park performs the educational, investigative and ecological education functions – one of the main functions of tourism. Information about them has been posted on the official web-site and is the result of an earlier inventory of resources.

In this article the methods of analysis of logistic processes of military units of the National Guard of Ukraine are presented. The paper describes a formal description of the many strategic advantages (installations) of the military units of the National Guard of Ukraine regarding the organization of the logistics system. The article proposes a game model, which solves the problem of determining the parameters of the strategy of organizing a system of logistics of the military unit, taking into account the capabilities of partners in the logistics chain. The model under development belongs to the class of simulation non-antagonistic differential games "player - inanimate nature", where the latter are partners of the company along the technological chain. The work of the model is to determine the parameters proposed in the article of the motorcade, the optimal values of which are selected as a result of the implementation of a certain mechanism for reconciling the benefits of the military unit and partner companies on the logistics chain based on utility functions. In the context of logistics chains, matching partners' benefits is especially relevant because of the high level of uncertainty associated with the uncertainty of consumer reactions to the results of joint activities, the large number of mortgage payments between partners, the high cost of the technological platform for the implementation of collective support services. and its partner companies to determine the size of the military unit's investment in war coverage spine of his participation in the logistics network and the amount of the reserve stocks. The paper indicates that in the process of functioning of the logistics chain in order to optimize the commercial interaction of partners, it is necessary to coordinate decisions based on the already identified strategic advantages of members of the logistics community and redistributed in the event of possible failures of functions. For this purpose, in the article, similarly to the processes in production and economic systems, the coordination problem is described by fuzzy models, on the basis of which local vector optimization problems are solved.

There’s a general assumption that teleology and function do not exist in inanimate nature. Throughout biology, it is generally taken as granted that teleology (or teleonomy) and functions are not only unique to life, but perhaps even a defining quality of life. For many, it’s obvious that rocks, water, and the like, are not teleological, nor could they possibly have stand-alone functions. This idea - that teleology and function are unique to life - is the target of this paper. I begin with an overview of McShea’s field theoretic account of teleology. I start with the field theoretic account because it presents a promising analysis of teleological systems. It is promising because, in not making any assumptions about life’s special status in teleological systems, it avoids counterexamples that have problematized other accounts. I then consider some of the prominent efforts that some have made to avoid ascribing functions or teleology to some form of inanimate nature. In my assessment, none of the efforts are successful. I conclude by offering mineral evolution as a case study to show how inanimate nature can be both teleological and functional. The evolution of mineral species reveals that teleology and function extend to inanimate nature, and that teleology and function come in degrees.

Children’s role playing, whether personifying toys or imagining invisible friends, involves imagining others’ minds and internal states. Similarly, anthropomorphism – the attribution of internal states to non-human others (e.g., animals, inanimate nature, or technologies) – also involves imagining others’ minds and internal states. We propose that the imaginative process of simulating and projecting internal states is common to both role play and anthropomorphism. The current study investigated the relation between children’s role play and anthropomorphism. Ninety children (5, 7, and 9 years) were administered Individual Differences in Anthropomorphism Questionnaire – Child Form (IDAQ-CF), comprised of the technology-inanimate nature and animal subscales, and the Role Play Scale, which assessed (a) impersonation of animals, people, and/or machines and (b) imaginary companions (ICs), including invisible friends and personified toys. Results indicated that the imaginative act of impersonating an animal, person, and/or machine was positively related to anthropomorphism, and specifically anthropomorphism of inanimate nature and technology. Second, anthropomorphism of animals was highest amongst children with invisible ICs, followed by those with toy ICs and those who impersonated. Finally, children who frequently engaged with an invisible ICs more readily anthropomorphized in general and technology and inanimate nature in particular relative to all other children. Results are discussed in terms of the differing degrees of imagination involved in anthropomorphism of animals versus technology and inanimate nature.

The publication is devoted to the poetics of the works of Rose Ausländer, a German-language poet from Bukovina. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze the specific features of the construction of Ausländer’s poetic identity through the imagery of animate and inanimate nature, both in the context of the evolution of her poetic oeuvre and on the micro-level of individual texts. One of the main objectives is to determine the distinctive characteristics of different creative periods and to highlight the central aspects of the analyzed poems. The research employs biographical, comparative-historical, and hermeneutic methods, as well as elements of intertextual theory and the literary technique of close reading. The article examines the images of animate and inanimate nature, through which the poet reinterprets and shapes her lyrical self in the search for personal identity. Particular attention is paid to the language of birds, which, according to the poet, articulate poetry and become metaphorical counterparts to the poet. The lyrical “I” is closely identified with both the figure of the poet and the bird. Floral motifs, especially the image of the rose, play a crucial role in the construction of poetic identity. The symbolism of the rose in Ausländer’s poetry is rich in meaning and acquires new connotations depending on the context. This metaphor, like several others, formed the foundation of her early work and remained central throughout her creative development. Thus, the analysis of natural imagery in Rose Ausländer’s poetry confirms that it constitutes an essential component in the formation of her poetic identity.

One of the features of the work of the brain of people suffering from schizophrenia is changes in the activity of their brain during visual categorization of animate and inanimate objects. The purpose of this study was to analyze the brain activity of people with schizophrenia and their visual categorization of objects with different semantic and physical characteristics. It was assumed that the patterns of brain activity in individuals with schizophrenia would differ from the group of healthy individuals both in the early and late stages of visual processing. Using the method of visual evoked potentials, we studied the features of brain activity in 25 people suffering from schizophrenia from 1 to 7 years old, when they categorized images of animate and inanimate nature, low and high spatial frequency. It was found that the amplitudes of P170 (N170) in the left and right posterior and central leads, as well as the amplitudes of P300 in the central lead in people with schizophrenia do not differ during categorization of animate and inanimate objects, which does not correspond to the data obtained earlier from the people without mental health abnormalities. The revealed result is important for a better understanding of the restructuring of the brain during visual perception of objects of different categories, which occurs during the development of schizophrenia.

This article focuses on STEM education in Primary school as well as ways of applying it during self-studying and special interest activities. A STEM activity for second grade students with a topic ‘Animate and Inanimate Nature’ is given as an example. There are ways to integrate the topic of the activity with the knowledge students have in subjects like Bulgarian Language, Arts and Crafts, and Science. Further ideas on STEM activities are also introduced.

The article explores inanimate nature vocabulary in the Yakut language, specifically focusing on terms that incorporate zoonymic (animal-related) components. This study is highly relevant in the context of preserving linguistic heritage. While fragmentary research exists on certain categories of terms, such as meteorological, landscape, and hydrographic vocabulary, a systematic analysis of this lexicon remains lacking. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the inanimate nature vocabulary in Yakut, with a focus on zoonymic components, and to identify the structural and semantic patterns of word formation. To achieve this, the following tasks were undertaken: (1) collecting and systematizing lexical units related to inanimate nature in Yakut that include zoonymic elements, and (2) identifying the most productive structural and semantic models for forming compound words with zoonyms. The methodology included continuous sampling from lexicographic sources, cognitiveonomasiological analysis, and componential analysis. The findings reveal that the most productive structural model is the “noun + noun with a third-person possessive affix” pattern (50% of cases), as seen in examples like tulluk khaara (lit. “snow-bunting + snow-POSS.3SG”). The semantic models “zoonym + somatism” (26%) and “zoonym + landscape” (21%), which emphasize the role of visual analogies and connection with traditional economic activities are quantitatively prominent. It has been revealed that zoonyms are actively used in the Yakut language to nominate natural features of Yakutia, which reflects the northern component of Yakut culture. Thus, snow is metaphorized through images of fur-bearing animals (hare, fox) and birds (crow, snow-bunting), northern lights are associated through the zoonim balyk ‘fish’, and names of domestic (dog, cow, horse) and commercial (hare) animals are found in the nomination of bumpy terrain. These terms not only serve a nominative function but also encapsulate traditional ecological knowledge. The research underscores the importance of such lexicon in understanding the linguistic worldview of indigenous Arctic and Far Northern communities. Future research directions include a deeper investigation into the motivational features of inanimate nature lexicon in Yakut. The results contribute to the fields of Yakut lexicology and ethnolinguistics, enriching our understanding of the linguistic worldviews of Arctic and Subarctic peoples

The article is devoted to the biological aspects of human adaptation to environmental conditions. The article also discusses natural conditions and human adaptation to them, desert, desert, mountain, land, north, south, sea, hills and life around it, relations between man and nature, technological processes and their negative impact on the environment, preservation of the ecosystem, biological environment and life in it, lifestyle in cold and hot climates, biological adaptation, social adaptation, environmental hazards and methods of their prevention, healthy lifestyle and environment, natural resources and their rational use, preservation of living and inanimate nature - such questions how hands-on experience is also widely reported.

This paper focuses on the practice of avadhāna, which is based on highly developed cognitive skills (ability to concentrate, memory) and showcasing of manifold strengths and knowledge during partially improvised spectacles. Various challenges to be met involve the elements of animate and inanimate nature. The main purpose of the article is to investigate the occurrence of these components and their role in the avadhāna, as well as to examine the possible sources of specialised knowledge in equinology (aśvaśāstra), elephant lore (gajaśāstra) and visual poetry (citrakāvya) required from the avadhāna performers.

THE Human period of the Quaternary era has set in. Disregarding epochs of the Pleistocene or of earlier periods in which man has left traces of his existence, his activity may be said to have begun when a clear field was given for migration. His rule on the earth's surface was assured by the disappearance of continental glaciation from the temperate zones. Henceforward, he began seriously to modify the earth. The improvement of the entrance to a cave was probably his first essay in denudation; the building of a barricade against wild beasts foreshadowed the vast works of transport and accumulation that are traceable in the Pyramids or in Cuzco. Man as a Geological Agent: An Account of His Actions on Inanimate Nature. By Dr. R. L. Sherlock. Pp. 372. (London: H. F. and G. Witherby, 1922.) 20s. net.

The Shaping of Gary Snyder's Ecological Consciousness Ayako Takahashi Lay down these wordsBefore your mind like rocks. (Riprap 32) Gary Snyder has been a cultural bridge between East and West since the late 1950's.1 Together with Allen Ginsberg—who was widely known as a "Beat" poet, read "Howl" at Six Gallery in 1955, and who was deeply affected by Eastern philosophy and the Buddhist poet Phillip Wheren—Snyder turned to Eastern Philosophy for his poetic inspiration. His poetry and essays examine various critical concerns, and recently many studies have been done, from critical and anthropological angles, as well as from the view of "an ecological consciousness." Consequently, Gary Snyder is being placed in the tradition of Robert Bly and Ezra Pound, and he has attracted the attention of comparatists in China, who are interested in the influences of Zen, Taoism, Hua-yen Buddhism and Cathay's upon his work. Snyder's poetic identification of the mind with things, as we read in the poem "Riprap" and others, may derive from his interest in Hua-yen Buddhism. According to this philosophy, the metaphor for the interconnectedness of nature is "the jeweled net of Indra" and is mirrored in ecological images. Robert Kern has shown Hua-yen Buddhism, especially Avatamsaka and "the jeweled net," has a prominent place in Snyder's ecological consciousness.2 Avatamsaka, as Snyder uses it, means "Flower Wreath"—a flower crown or flower earrings. It is the original name of Hua-yen Buddhism, according to "Hua-yen" a Tibetan translation of Hua-yen Buddhism, and it is symbolized literally by Hua-yen (). Likewise, the "jeweled net of Indra" that Snyder sometimes uses comes from the Hua-yen idea, , and its represents infinitely crossing relationships and the interconnectedness of all things. There is also a similarity between Snyder's principle and the Hua-yen Buddhist view, "." In [End Page 314] the Hua-yen Buddhist view, the realm of truth is called "." "" means things and truth; "" teaches us the relationships between things and truth. Among "," in "" is the world of affairs, in "" is the world of reason, in "" is the relationship between things and mind, in "" is the relationships between things and things. This interrelatedness is the essence of Snyder's ecological consciousness. In Snyder's worldview, this ecological consciousness leads to a new definition of humanism and of democracy. Wai-lim Yip argues that, for Snyder, the underlying principle is the complete awareness of all beings in nature as "self-so-complete" or tzu-jan (), as the Taoists and the Ch'an Buddhists would say.3 According to Snyder's philosophy, the identification of things with the mind does not amount to humanism, rather it is the result of "human-centeredness," a radical form of "de-humanism." This view represents the complete transition from a human-centered to an all-creature-centered—including non-human—nature. I: Capturing Things and the Mind In 1912, Ezra Pound listed as the principles of the aesthetic, direct treatment of the "things," whether subjective or objective, the use of absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation, and composition in the sequence of musical phrases.4 John Gould Fletcher tells in the preface to Goblins and Pagodas (1916) of the "doctrine of the interdependence of man and inanimate nature" which he hoped to make use of in his poetry. He felt that if he could "link up" his personality with the essence of the objective world, he might "evoke a soul" out of inanimate nature and thereby produce a rich and new kind of poetry.5 Needless to say, the haiku form had influences upon the Imagists, and Fletcher emphasizes that this influence explains the short, concise form of Imagist poetry, which nonetheless demonstrates an intense experience of nature. This is significantly different from Romanticism, which searched for the ideal of God in nature, because it could find different relationships between nature and humanity. In his first volume of poems, Riprap and Cold Mountain Poems, Snyder wrote some Imagistic poems. However, Snyder is clearly different from his predecessors; he doesn't use nature as a means of expression, but instead as a personal experience. For example, Snyder...

For a literary text, the use of comparative constructions is extremely important, because, in such a way, a writer shows his own worldview, subjective and evaluative attitude to the facts and phenomena of objective reality, figuratively and expressively specifying the distinctive features of a particular image. The topicality of the research is determined by the fact that comparative constructions are widely represented in the collection of short stories by M. Dochynets „Bread and Chocolate”, that is why they have become the subject of scientific research. The aim of the article is to analyze the semantic structure of comparative constructions by the object of comparison as a manifestation of the writer’s individual style. The factual material made it possible to divide the comparative constructions into seven lexical-semantic fields (LSF): „man”, „animate nature”, „man-made objects”, „inanimate nature”, „sensory feelings”, „time”, „demoniac creatures”. The structure of the LSF „man” includes the following constituents: names of personalities, somatisms, biblical expressions, features of the object; the LSF „animate nature” is represented by three lexical-semantic groups (LSG) – names of flora, zoonyms, ornithonyms. The components of the LSF „man-made objects” are the following LSGs: names of everyday objects, names of the parts of a building, the materials for construction, names of transport; the LSF „inanimate nature” – names of substances and materials, names of natural phenomena, locatives, hydronyms. The LSF „sensory feelings” includes three LSG – sounds, smells, taste. The LSF „time” and „demoniac creatures” are homogeneous in their structure and do not require differentiation into LSG. The distinguished comparative constructions by the object of comparison are interpreted as individually author’s ones and require further research. The analysis of comparative constructions by the subject and feature of comparison, the determination of their stylistic function in the author’s literary texts, in particular in the collection of short stories „Bread and Chocolate” are considered as an advanced research direction.

All his life a person lives in a world of countless values. The creature that surrounds humanity, the natural and social environment - the values that represent the most important aspects of an important, living and inanimate nature - are universal. Such values were eternal, absolute and sacred values that never lost their significance for society. The article describes values, their classification, depreciation of values and its reasons.

Background. Phenological processes in living and inanimate nature develop differently depending on location, relief features, microclimate and other factors. Such dynamics become especially noticeable in a city with different ecological and geographical conditions. Identification of differences in the dynamics of seasonal processes and phenomena allows for rational implementation of city improvement works, its landscaping, etc. At the same time, this information is very useful for the population living in specific environmental conditions of the city. It should be noted that there are relatively few studies in the scientific literature on the topic of the influence of the urban environment and urban microclimate on the dynamics of phenological processes in the context of a rapidly changing climate in the 21st century. The issue of the influence of hypsometric forms of urban relief on the timing of the onset of certain phenological phenomena remains insufficiently studied. The purpose of the work is to identify differences in the dynamics of phenological processes in the areas of the city of Arzamas, Nizhny Novgorod region with heterogeneous microclimatic conditions. Materials and methods. The main seasonal phenomena and key phenoobjects of living and inanimate nature were selected for the analysis by seasons of the year. For example, the dates of the first snow cover falling and forming, the transition of the average daily air temperature through 0 °C, the beginning of active destruction of the snow cover, the beginning of flowering of some primrose plants (coltsfoot), the appearance of leaves on the birch, the beginning of flowering of common bird cherry, common lilac, May rose, small-leaved linden, the be ginning of yellowing of foliage, etc. were recorded. At the same time, the dates of the onset of phenological phenomena in the lower and upper parts of the city of Arzamas, which have different microclimates, were recorded. Results. Analysis of observations shows that the difference in altitude between the upper and lower parts of the city of 40–60 m creates, under conditions of an anticyclonic state of the atmosphere, a temperature inversion of up to 10 °C or more during the dark hours of the day. This temperature contrast creates noticeable differences in the average daily air temperature in the upper and lower parts of the city. At the same time, the lower part of the city turns out to be somewhat colder than the upper one. These differences are most clearly evident in the spring, when the vegetation cover is not yet sufficiently developed and the state of the atmosphere is often anticyclonic. This in turn causes some delay in vegetation processes (beginning of flowering, appearance of foliage, etc.) in plants in the lower part of the city, on average by 2–3 days. In the summer and autumn periods, microclimatic differences in the upper and lower parts of the city are less noticeable, and, accordingly, the differences in the onset of dates of phenological phenomena are not so great and amount to an average of 1–2 days. Conclusions. The obtained observation results show a significant contrast in the dynamics of phenological processes in the lower and upperparts of the city. Moreover, such noticeable differences can be traced both in the dynamics of living nature and in the dynamics of inanimate nature.