Abstract
Typical Internet of Things (IoT) applications involve collecting information automatically from diverse geographically-distributed smart sensors and concentrating the information into more powerful computers. The Raspberry Pi platform has become a very interesting choice for IoT applications for several reasons: (1) good computing power/cost ratio; (2) high availability; it has become a de facto hardware standard; and (3) ease of use; it is based on operating systems with a big community of users. In IoT applications, data are frequently carried by means of wireless sensor networks in which energy consumption is a key issue. Energy consumption is especially relevant for smart sensors that are scattered over wide geographical areas and may need to work unattended on batteries for long intervals of time. In this scenario, it is convenient to ease the construction of IoT applications while keeping energy consumption to a minimum at the sensors. This work proposes a possible gateway implementation with specific technologies. It solves the following research question: how to build gateways for IoT applications with Raspberry Pi and low power IQRF communication modules. The following contributions are presented: (1) one architecture for IoT gateways that integrates data from sensor nodes into a higher level application based on low-cost/low-energy technologies; (2) bindings in Java and C that ease the construction of IoT applications; (3) an empirical model that describes the consumption of the communications at the nodes (smart sensors) and allows scaling their batteries; and (4) validation of the proposed energy model at the battery-operated nodes.
Highlights
The Internet of Things (IoT) aims at connecting a world of networked smart devices typically equipped with sensors and radio frequency identification to the mainstream Internet, all sharing information with each other without human intervention
The proposed architecture is comprised of three levels: (1) Concentrator, implemented on a Raspberry Pi Single-Board Computers (SBC); (2) Coordinator, implemented on a privileged IQRF module attached to the concentrator that plays the role of coordinator; and (3) End nodes, implemented on IQRF modules, which acquire field information by means of different attached sensors
In addition to the communication capabilities, the IQRF TR-52DA has: (1) a PIC16LF1938 microcontroller with interrupt capability; (2) a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) interface used at the IQRF Coordinator to establish the communication with the Raspberry Pi; (3) an embedded temperature sensor; (4) two colors of LEDs to be manipulated from the microcontroller; (5) six general purpose I/O pins available to connect external sensors; (6) a two-channel A/D converter; (7) a hardware timer; (8) power supply connections; and (9) battery monitoring capabilities
Summary
The Internet of Things (IoT) aims at connecting a world of networked smart devices typically equipped with sensors and radio frequency identification to the mainstream Internet, all sharing information with each other without human intervention. The IoT sensors must be distributed over long distances, causing propagation problems In this scenario, new technologies are emerging for specific applications, such as smart metering [15]. New technologies are emerging for specific applications, such as smart metering [15] Some examples of these technologies are LoRa/LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) [16], Sigfox [17] or IQRF [18], which are aimed at saving energy, working on longer distances and providing a higher degree of flexibility to adapt to the requirements of the applications. This work proposes a possible gateway implementation with specific technologies It solves the following research question: how to build gateways for IoT applications with Raspberry Pi and low power IQRF communication modules.
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