Abstract
Abstract. There is a strong interaction between the urban atmospheric canopy layer and the building energy balance. The urban atmospheric conditions affect the heat transfer through exterior walls, the long-wave heat transfer between the building surfaces and the surroundings, the short-wave solar heat gains, and the heat transport by ventilation. Considering also the internal heat gains and the heat capacity of the building structure, the energy demand for heating and cooling and the indoor thermal environment can be calculated based on the urban microclimatic conditions. According to the building energy concept, the energy demand results in an (anthropogenic) waste heat; this is directly transferred to the urban environment. Furthermore, the indoor temperature is re-coupled via the building envelope to the urban environment and affects indirectly the urban microclimate with a temporally lagged and damped temperature fluctuation. We developed a holistic building model for the combined calculation of indoor climate and energy demand based on an analytic solution of Fourier's equation and implemented this model into the PALM model.
Highlights
In a preliminary simulation study, Jacob and Pfafferott (2012) applied different test reference years (Deutscher Wetterdienst, 2014) on different building concepts and operation strategies
Within the MOSAIK project (Maronga et al, 2019), we developed a holistic building model for the coupled calculation of indoor climate and energy demand for heating, cooling, lighting and ventilation
An analytical solution of Fourier’s equation is used to simulate the transient energy balance of a building. This building model is separated into virtual control volumes which are geometrically connected with the atmospheric model
Summary
Fourier’s law in inhomogeneous materials and with heat sources can be shown in Cartesian coordinates x, y and z using the nabla operator:. The indoor air temperature θi is a function of convective heat fluxes hc and conv and is coupled to the surface temperature θs and the θn near-façade temperature From these equations, the specific heating or cooling energy demand φhc,nd [W m−2] can be calculated for a specified set temperature for the indoor air θi,set.
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