Abstract
In the last years, the EU and scientific community put a lot of effort in trying to increase the sustainability in renovated buildings by introducing novel concepts and technologies. This paper presents the outcomes of a retrofit case study carried out within the Heat4Cool H2020 project concerning space heating (SH) and domestic hot water (DHW) systems. The case study is a multi-family residential building located in Chorzow, Poland, where the SH and DHW are provided by natural gas boilers present in each apartment. The proposed approach is to combine the existing gas boilers with phase change material storages (PCM) and a direct current air source heat pump (DC-EHP) assisted by a photovoltaic system (PV) connected to the grid. TRNSYS was used for the dynamic simulations, and to support the introduction of the retrofit layout. New custom TRNSYS’ types were developed for each technology and tested against experimental data provided by industrial partners. Furthermore, a state-of-the-art rule-based controller was developed combining TRNSYS with a MATLAB’s script and tested against an interior point optimal control algorithm. In the best-case scenario the yearly primary energy savings are more than 30% accounting for the PV energy sold to the grid and around 11% considering only self-consumption, while the pay-back time is around 10 years considering EU28 economic conditions and 20% overall discount for the renovation project.
Highlights
Residential and commercial buildings account for around 40% of the total primary energy in the EU [1], 76% of which goes towards the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning system (HVAC)
Is discussed the thermal performance of the retrofitted HVAC system, the size of the direct current air source heat pump (DC-EHP) was pre-determined from the manufacturer as a 36-kW thermal peak power unit, while the boilers are already present in the building, most of the simulated scenarios regard the size, the melting temperature and the control of the phase change material storage (PCM) storage:
- two control modes to charge the PCM heat battery using the heat pump changing the setpoint temperature, the first mode the DC-EHP is used at partial load while in the second mode is used almost at full load capacity
Summary
Residential and commercial buildings account for around 40% of the total primary energy in the EU [1], 76% of which goes towards the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning system (HVAC). This paper presents the outcomes of a study carried out within the Heat4Cool [3] H2020 project. The Heat4Cool project aims to tackle this problem by proposing an innovative, efficient and cost-effective solution to optimize the integration of a set of renewable and energy efficient systems in the retrofit of space heating (SH) and domestic hot water (DHW) system. The chosen case study for this article is a multi-family residential building located in Chorzow, Poland, where the SH and DHW are currently mainly provided by natural gas boilers present in each apartment. The proposed approach is to combine the existing gas boilers with a centralized phase change material storage (PCM) and direct current air source heat pump (DC-EHP) assisted by a photovoltaic field (PV)
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