Abstract
Genetic manipulation is one of the central strategies that biologists use to investigate the molecular underpinnings of life and its diversity. Thus, advances in genetic manipulation usually lead to a deeper understanding of biological systems. During the last decade, the construction of chromosomes, known as synthetic genomics, has emerged as a novel approach to genetic manipulation. By facilitating complex modifications to chromosome content and structure, synthetic genomics opens new opportunities for studying biology through genetic manipulation. Here, we discuss different classes of genetic manipulation that are enabled by synthetic genomics, as well as biological problems they each can help solve.
Highlights
Genetic manipulation is one of the central strategies that biologists use to investigate the molecular underpinnings of life and its diversity
These chromosomes were re-engineered in remarkable ways, such as through the complete elimination of nonessential genes[9] or particular codons[11], providing striking examples of the large-scale genetic manipulations that are enabled by synthetic genomics
During the last decade, synthetic genomics has gone from science fiction to reality, giving rise to fundamentally new ways to genetically manipulate biological systems
Summary
1234567890():,; Genetic manipulation is one of the central strategies that biologists use to investigate the molecular underpinnings of life and its diversity. Complete chromosomes were constructed for a number of other bacteria, including Mycoplasma mycoides[9,19,20], Caulobacter crescentus[21], and Escherichia coli[11], as well as for the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae[10,22–26] In some cases, these chromosomes were re-engineered in remarkable ways, such as through the complete elimination of nonessential genes[9] or particular codons[11], providing striking examples of the large-scale genetic manipulations that are enabled by synthetic genomics. Work to remove these overlaps from a large portion of the phage T7 genome showed that the elimination of such overlaps often has little to no phenotypic consequence[41] This form of restructuring, which has been called refactoring[41] (Fig. 2a), makes it possible to study the biological impacts of local genome structure and to produce organisms that are more amenable to research. Our understanding of the relationship between cancer and genome
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