Abstract
Abstract. In the context of increasing greenhouse gas emission and global demographic change with the simultaneous trend to urbanization, it is a big challenge for cities around the world to perform modifications in energy supply chain and building characteristics resulting in reduced energy consumption and carbon dioxide mitigation. Sound knowledge of energy resource demand and supply including its spatial distribution within urban areas is of great importance for planning strategies addressing greater energy efficiency. The understanding of the city as a complex energy system affects several areas of the urban living, e.g. energy supply, urban texture, human lifestyle, and climate protection. With the growing availability of 3D city models around the world based on the standard language and format CityGML, energy system modelling, analysis and simulation can be incorporated into these models. Both domains will profit from that interaction by bringing together official and accurate building models including building geometries, semantics and locations forming a realistic image of the urban structure with systemic energy simulation models. A holistic view on the impacts of energy planning scenarios can be modelled and analyzed including side effects on urban texture and human lifestyle. This paper focuses on the identification, classification, and integration of energy-related key indicators of buildings and neighbourhoods within 3D building models. Consequent application of 3D city models conforming to CityGML serves the purpose of deriving indicators for this topic. These will be set into the context of urban energy planning within the Energy Atlas Berlin. The generation of indicator objects covering the indicator values and related processing information will be presented on the sample scenario estimation of heating energy consumption in buildings and neighbourhoods. In their entirety the key indicators will form an adequate image of the local energy situation for decision making. An approach for extending the CityGML standard for the explicit storage of these indicators in relation to the according city object will be given by using the concept of CityGML Application Domain Extension (ADE). The aim of this approach is to initiate a discussion process for the specification of a standardized data model extension concerning energy assessment into 3D CityGML models, which facilitates the application of the Energy Atlas decision support concepts within other city models conforming to this standard.
Highlights
Climate change in combination with global population growth, trend to urbanization and higher demands on the living standard of inhabitants requires an answer from city planning concerning energy production, supply, and consumption
The full coverage of geometry, topology, semantic, and appearance of city objects in diverse LODs coupled with generalization and aggregation hierarchies forming city object structures on different hierarchical scales and the ability of designing domain specific extensions build a stable environment for performing multi-scale analyses and simulations on City Geography Markup Language (CityGML)-conforming virtual 3D city models
Geometry, topology, morphology, and spatio-semantic attributes of single city objects or aggregations of them on neighbourhood, district or city scale have to be addressed by indicators and indexes
Summary
Climate change in combination with global population growth, trend to urbanization and higher demands on the living standard of inhabitants requires an answer from city planning concerning energy production, supply, and consumption. In several energy planning domains, e.g. estimation of energy consumption, solar potential analysis, thermal remote sensing regarding heat emission of buildings, and utility network modelling, virtual 3D city models are in the research focus. 3D city models conforming to the standard CityGML provide full coverage of city objects of the entire urban area, including geometry, properties, and the spatial arrangement of buildings, with ability of coherent integration of spatio-semantic attributes, which facilitates the integration of energy-related and ecologic-relevant information on different scales. The concept of indicators and indexes will be incorporated into the design of a CityGML extension for energy assessment, an Energy Application Domain Extension (ADE) which forms the basis of the Energy Atlas Berlin data model
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