Abstract

This paper outlines the IoT Databox model as a means of making the Internet of Things (IoT) accountable to individuals. Accountability is a key to building consumer trust and is mandated by the European Union’s general data protection regulation (GDPR). We focus here on the ‘external’ data subject accountability requirement specified by GDPR and how meeting this requirement turns on surfacing the invisible actions and interactions of connected devices and the social arrangements in which they are embedded. The IoT Databox model is proposed as an in principle means of enabling accountability and providing individuals with the mechanisms needed to build trust into the IoT.

Highlights

  • The European Union has introduced new general data protection regulation (GDPR), which comes into effect in May 2018 and is explicitly concerned to handle the threat to privacy occasioned by the emerging digital ecosystem

  • A key driver of this rapid technological development and technological complexity is the Internet of Things: “an infrastructure in which billions of sensors embedded in common, everyday devices ... are designed to communicate unobtrusively and exchange data in a seamless way ... clearly raises new and significant personal data protection and privacy challenges” [34]

  • Under GDPR the external accountability requirement puts the principle of self-determination into practice and requires that consent be built into the Internet of Things (IoT) as an ongoing matter, which means consent can no longer be reduced to ticking a box on a device manufacturer’s or service provider’s remote website; that data processing is transparent, and provided for through information clearly articulating specific purposes, recipients, transfers, and the logic, significance and consequences of automated processing; that data collection is minimal and involves only that which is needed to meet the purposes of processing; and that individuals be able to access their data online and export it

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Summary

Introduction

The European Union has introduced new general data protection regulation (GDPR), which comes into effect in May 2018 and is explicitly concerned to handle the threat to privacy occasioned by the emerging digital ecosystem. We unpack the external data subject accountability requirement and how it has been translated into practical recommendations for IoT developers by the Article 29 Data Protection Working Party [34], which is set to become the powerful European Data Protection Board under GDPR. These recommendations seek to enable individual control over the flow of personal data through the design of computational mechanisms that enable consent as an ongoing matter, make data processing transparent, and permit fine-grained data flow management, online access and data portability. Making the IoT accountable may, have manifold advantages, which includes opening up data that is currently distributed across manifold silos to innovation on-the-box

The external accountability requirement
Implementing the external accountability requirement
Accountability at the edge: the IoT Databox model
Origin and evolution of the model
Architecture of the model
App development
Managing risk
Enabling consent and granular choice
Making data processing accountable
Responding to the privacy challenge
Fit with the state of the art
Findings
Conclusion

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