Abstract
Floral patterning is a complex task. Various organs and tissues must be formed to fulfill reproductive functions. Flower development has been studied, mainly looking for master regulators. However, downstream changes such as the cell wall composition are relevant since they allow cells to divide, differentiate, and grow. In this review, we focus on the main components of the primary cell wall—cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins—to describe how enzymes involved in the biosynthesis, modifications, and degradation of cell wall components are related to the formation of the floral organs. Additionally, internal and external stimuli participate in the genetic regulation that modulates the activity of cell wall remodeling proteins.
Highlights
The process of flower development involves the formation of very complex structures
An example in Arabidopsis thaliana is the mutation of the RADIAL SWELLING (RSW1) gene, known as CELLULOSE SYNTHASE 1 (CESA1) gene, which is involved in cellulose synthesis and when not functional causes defects related to reproductive development
Based on the work performed in Arabidopsis by Becnel et al in 2006 [27], it is important to highlight the presence of transcripts of different xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTH) encoding genes was observed in the flower
Summary
The process of flower development involves the formation of very complex structures. Flowers generally arise from the inflorescence meristem, where cellular differentiation processes give rise to specialized structures involved in all the aspects of plant reproduction. Flower development has been finely described for plant species such as Arabidopsis, Petunia, and Antirrhinum For these species, several genes (most of them transcription factors) are known to guide the differentiation of the floral whorls [1,4]. Genes 2021, 12, 978 the XYLOSYLTRANSFERASE 1, XYLOSYLTRANSFERASE 2, and α-XYLOSIDASE 1 genes were identified to play a role in the modifications of xyloglucans in the cell wall [10,13] The absence of these enzymes leads to changes in the size, microtubule arrangement, phyllotaxis, geometry, and development of the SAM. Most of the information presented here comes from Arabidopsis, though we included some works on tobacco, rice, tomato, carnation, and other flowering species
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