Buffering against Depressive Symptoms: Associations between Self-Compassion, Perceived Family Support and Age for Transgender and Nonbinary Individuals.

Steven Samrock,Kai Kline,Ashley K Randall

doi:10.3390/ijerph18157938

Abstract

Transgender and gender nonbinary (TGNB) individuals often report higher levels of depression compared to cisgender individuals. Higher levels of depression in TGNB populations may be partially attributed to a lack of family support, which may be particularly salient for younger individuals. However, two possible protective factors that may mitigate depressive symptoms are self-compassion, defined as an attitude of kindness and understanding towards one’s own imperfections, and perceived support, especially from family. The present study aimed to explore whether self-compassion was negatively associated with self-reported depressive symptoms, and whether perceived family support moderated this association, especially for younger individuals. Participants who were (1) at least 18 years of age, (2) identified as TGNB, and (3) experienced gender dysphoria were eligible for this study. Cross-sectional data from 148 individuals were collected online during May 2020. In support of the hypotheses, self-compassion was negatively associated with depressive symptoms, and perceived family support furthered this association. Additionally, results showed that younger participants (ages 18–24) with lower family support reported the highest levels of depressive symptoms. Taken together, these results suggest that self-compassion and perceived family support may be significant protective factors against depressive symptoms for TGNB individuals, although longitudinal research is needed. Taking a strengths-based perspective, mental health clinicians working with TGNB individuals may consider interventions geared toward increasing self-compassion in daily life and working with clients’ families to increase support.

Highlights

Results showed significant negative associations between depressive symptoms and self-compassion (r = −0.27, p < 0.01), family support (r = −0.24, p < 0.01), and age (r = −0.26, p < 0.01) These values reflect small effects. These results suggest that lower scores in depressive symptoms were associated with higher scores in self-compassion, perceived family support, and older age
The present study indicates that perceived family support is especially salient for younger Transgender and gender nonbinary (TGNB) individuals; and when younger TGNB individuals lack family support, self-compassion may be especially helpful in buffering against depressive symptoms
High self-compassion and perceived family support were both significantly associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms in TGNB individuals

Summary

Introduction

Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide [1]. Individuals with varying gender identities may be disproportionally affected by stress, which, if not properly dealt with, can lead to depressive symptoms. Individuals who identify as nonbinary, gender nonconforming, gender fluid, and/or transgender (hereafter transgender and gender nonbinary [TGNB]) experience higher rates of depression compared to cisgender individuals, with a 12-fold higher rate of suicidal thoughts and attempts [2,3]. Risks of depression increase 4-fold for members of the TGNB population that do not receive gender-affirming treatment [4]. Higher rates of depressive symptoms among TGNB populations have been attributed to unique stressors impacting TGNB individuals, notably experiences of discrimination, harassment, violence, and lack of social support; all considered forms of minority stress [4]

Results

Discussion

Conclusion