Buddha Amitayus and the artistic heritage of Zanabazar (1635-1723)

Abstract

Images of Buddha Amitayus are recognizable by the main attribute -a vessel with the elixir of immortality placed in his palms, which rest upon his knees. The images of various versions are very often found in the Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhist regions. This is explained by the wide popularity of his cult. The Amitayus cult is one of the tantric ways to protect the life and health of the believer. Rituals aim to extend the time of life on purpose to continue the active practice of Buddhism. Among the main texts connected to the cult are the “Sukhavati-vyuha Sutra” (1st century), "Amitayus-dhyana Sutra” (4th century), and the "Longevity Sutra”. Amitayus is a power manifestation of Tathagata Buddha Amitabha, the head of the lotus family. He lives in the Pure Lands of Sukhavadi, where Amitayus stays among the bodhisattvas in the retinue of Buddha Amitabha. This factor is directly linked to the idea of a long life. The Western Paradise of Sukhavati is a place where all the material and bodily needs are readily available to live beings. The aggression and the acquisitiveness are defeated, and people are exclusively concerned with their spiritual growth. The great Mongolian artist, educator and head of state paid due attention to the cult of Amitayus, which is evidenced by the magnificent sculptures which constitute his artistic heritage. These are large sculptures of Buddha Amitayus from the Museum-Temple of the Choijin Lama in Mongolia and the Museum of the History of Buryatia in Ulan-Ude, Russia. The sculptures differ in size, technique, plastic, as well as some details. At the same time, proportions, filigree processing at all stages of production, unity of aesthetics and style remain unchanged.