Abstract
Finite element buckling analysis produces a generalized eigenproblem in which the eigenvalue λ multiplies what may be called a stress stiffness matrix. This paper presents new forms of this matrix, some of which seem always to produce an underestimate of λ. We combine such results with results from conventional formulations, which usually overestimate λ, to obtain reliable estimates for the error in computed buckling load. Calculations are straightforward and are easily arranged to give-by-element error indicators that serve to drive adaptive meshing.
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