Abstract
AbstractEffect of water flow velocity (≤3 m/s) on bubbles detaching from bitumen was examined in a water channel at room temperature. The results showed different behaviours of bubble–bitumen detachment for different sizes of bubbles. With increasing water flow speed, a larger bubble (>0.15–0.2 cm) underwent the following steps before detaching from the bitumen layer: deformation; neck formation; the bubble broke up from the neck, with the top portion sheared away, leaving the bottom portion as a small bubble stuck to bitumen; and then, the small bubble detached from the bitumen and was carried away by further increasing water flow. Smaller bubbles (<0.1–0.15 cm) detached from bitumen after deformation without breaking up, with increasing water flow. An empirical correlation between the size of bubbles detaching from bitumen with water flow velocity/shear rate was established. At a flow velocity of 3 m/s, only bubbles smaller than 250–300 μm might be able to stay attached to bitumen, or a shear rate higher than 2500 s−1 is needed to detach a 250–300 μm bubble from bitumen.
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