Abstract
When a supercooled liquid approaches glass transition, viscous flow slows down greatly, but often the Brownian motion of a molecular probe in the host liquid does not slow down as much, causing the Stokes-Einstein relation to fail by orders of magnitude. Here we formulate a theory that relates the Brownian motion of the probe to two concurrent processes in the host liquid: viscous flow and molecular hopping. Molecular hopping prevails over viscous flow when the probe is small and the temperature is low. Our theory generalizes the Stokes-Einstein relation and fits the experimental data remarkably well.
Highlights
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) [1] is an essential source of information about all epochs of the Universe
An extension to the standard big bang model, inflation, postulates a short period of exponential expansion in the very early Universe, naturally setting the initial conditions required by ΛCDM, as well as solving a number of additional problems in standard cosmology
The amplitude of tensors is conventionally parametrized by r, the tensor-to-scalar ratio at a fiducial scale
Summary
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) [1] is an essential source of information about all epochs of the Universe. Tensor modes produce a small increment in the temperature anisotropy power spectrum over the standard ΛCDM scalar perturbations at multipoles l ≲ 60; measuring this increment requires the large sky coverage traditionally achieved by space-based experiments, and an understanding of the other cosmological parameters. Planck released information on dust polarization at high latitude [29] (hereafter PIP-XXX), and in particular examined a field centered on the BICEP2 region (but somewhat larger than it) finding a level of polarized dust emission at 353 GHz sufficient to explain the 150 GHz excess observed by BICEP2, with relatively low signal-to-noise.
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