Brown Rice Vinegar as an Olfactory Field Attractant for Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) and Zaprionus indianus Gupta (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Cherimoya in Maui, Hawaii, with Implications for Attractant Specificity between Species and Estimation of Relative Abundance.

Brittany Willbrand,Douglas Pfeiffer

doi:10.3390/insects10030080

Abstract

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is an agricultural pest that has been observed co-infesting soft-skinned fruits with Zaprionus indianus Gupta. The characterization of olfactory preferences by species is a necessary step towards the development of species-specific attractants. Five olfactory attractants were used to survey the populations of two invasive drosophilids in cherimoya in Maui, Hawaii. The attractants used were apple cider vinegar (ACV), brown rice vinegar (BRV), red wine (RW), apple cider vinegar and red wine (ACV+RW; 60/40), and brown rice vinegar and red wine (BRV+RW; 60/40). For D. suzukii, BRV+RW resulted in more captures than BRV, ACV, and RW, while ACV+RW resulted in more captures than ACV. No differences were observed between BRV+RW and ACV+RW. BRV had greater specificity in attracting D. suzukii compared to ACV, ACV+RW, and RW. For Z. indianus, no significant differences were observed in either the mean captures or specificity for any attractant used. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that (1) BRV and BRV+RW are effective field attractants and (2) D. suzukii has unique olfactory preferences compared to non-target drosophilids, while (3) Z. indianus’ preferences do not appear to vary from non-target drosophilids, and (4) the accuracy of relative abundance is impacted by the specificity of the attractants.

Highlights

International trade and travel has supported the dispersal of many insect species outside of their native range including Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) and Zaprionus indianus Gupta
For Z. indianus, no significant differences were observed in either the mean captures or specificity for any attractant used. These findings demonstrate that (1) brown rice vinegar (BRV) and BRV+red wine (RW) are effective field attractants and (2) D. suzukii has unique olfactory preferences compared to non-target drosophilids, while (3) Z. indianus’ preferences do not appear to vary from non-target drosophilids, and (4) the accuracy of relative abundance is impacted by the specificity of the attractants
There were no significant differences between brown rice vinegar and red wine (BRV+RW) (29.0 ± 4.4) and apple cider vinegar (ACV)+RW (17.6 ± 3.0)

Summary

Introduction

International trade and travel has supported the dispersal of many insect species outside of their native range including Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) and Zaprionus indianus Gupta. Native to Southeast Asia, D. suzukii is commonly found throughout North America [1,2], South America [3], and Europe [4,5,6]. When introduced to a non-native range, temperate climates and the abundance of host plants paired with the lack of natural predators can contribute to unregulated population expansion [11]. These vinegar fly species possess high adaptability [12,13] and fecundity [14,15] that facilitate successful colonization.

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