Brote de tuberculosis en un colegio de primaria: descripción y consideraciones sobre el valor del jugo gástrico en el manejo de microepidemias

Abstract

To describe a tuberculosis outbreak in a primary school arising from a secondary case. Contact study and clinical study of exposed patients. Chest x-ray, gastric aspirate processing, and clinical evaluation of all children with a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) were recorded. Differential diagnosis between tuberculosis disease (TB) and latent tuberculosis infection (LTI). Two groups were identified: one of higher exposure to the index case (> 6 hours/day, for 3 months; n=17 children) and one of sporadic exposure (< 6 hours/day; n=82 children). Clinical or bacteriological criteria for diagnosing TB were seen in 6 out of 17 (35%) highly exposed children. Four of them had clinical or radiological criteria. The other two children were asymptomatic and had a normal chest X ray, but had a positive gastric aspirate for M. tuberculosis. The overall infection rate (TB+LTI) was 94%. One child out of 82 (1.2%) sporadically exposed children had radiological criteria for TB. Staff latent infection rate was 15%. Apart from the index case, there were no other tuberculosis cases among the staff. Relative risk (RR) of exposed children was 28.5 (95% CI: 3-250). Prolonged exposure to a baciliferous patient may infect almost every child exposed in closed groups. It can also cause a high attack rate. In this scenario, routine gastric aspirate may be considered for all children with a positive TST. It may identify early subclinical TB with an increased probability of isolating the M. tuberculosis. The potential benefit of this isolation may reach the entire cohort.