Abstract
Bromelain is a complex combination of multiple endopeptidases of thiol and other compounds derived from the pineapple fruit, stem and/or root. Fruit bromelain and stem bromelain are produced completely distinctly and comprise unique compounds of enzymes, and the descriptor “Bromelain” originally referred in actuality to stem bromelain. Due to the efficacy of oral administration in the body, as a safe phytotherapeutic medication, bromelain was commonly suited for patients due to lack of compromise in its peptidase efficacy and the absence of undesired side effects. Various in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that they are anti-edematous, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous, anti-thrombotic, fibrinolytic, and facilitate the death of apoptotic cells. The pharmacological properties of bromelain are, in part, related to its arachidonate cascade modulation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, such as interference with malignant cell growth; anti-inflammatory action; fibrinolytic activity; skin debridement properties, and reduction of the severe effects of SARS-Cov-2. In this paper, we concentrated primarily on the potential of bromelain’s important characteristics and meditative and therapeutic effects, along with the possible mechanism of action.
Highlights
Bromelain is the general term used for a group of proteolytic enzymes that are commonly associated with more specific endopeptidases present in the tissue of the Bromeliaceae plant family [1,2]
The Enzyme Commission (EC) number 3.4.22.33 was given to bromelain isolated from the pineapple fruit and is referred to as fruit bromelain (FBM), whereas bromelain isolated from the pineapple stem is referred to as stem bromelain (SBM) and was assigned EC
IL-1β, IL-6, interferon (INF)-g and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in human peripheral blood cells (PBMC) [79,80,87]. It increases T cell-dependent immunity while blocking T cell responses in vitro and can increase T cell antigen-independent binding to monocytes [88]. These findings showed that bromelain, in conjunction with the quick reaction to cellular stress, effectively stimulates a stronger immune system
Summary
Bromelain is the general term used for a group of proteolytic enzymes that are commonly associated with more specific endopeptidases present in the tissue of the Bromeliaceae plant family [1,2]. Bromelain is present abundantly in both the stem and fruit of pineapple plants, with Heinecke first finding in 1957 [9] that there was considerably more bromelain in the pineapple stem than in the actual fruit. The Enzyme Commission (EC) number 3.4.22.33 was given to bromelain isolated from the pineapple fruit and is referred to as fruit bromelain (FBM), whereas bromelain isolated from the pineapple stem is referred to as stem bromelain (SBM) and was assigned EC number 3.4.22.32 [16]. Researchers have concentrated on the use of waste generated from pineapples as an economically feasible source of bromelain [4,17]
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