Bromate-induced ototoxicity

Abstract

For decades, it has been known that ingested potassium bromate and sodium bromate can induce hearing loss. Hearing loss onset, following high-dose ingestion, is generally rapid occurring within 4–16 h and of a severe to profound degree. Unlike the sensorineural hearing loss which is generally irreversible, bromate-induced tinnitus, which is less well-studied, may reportedly be permanent or temporary. It is not clear whether actual bromate-induced vestibulotoxicity occurs in clinical populations. The primary sites of lesion for bromate-induced ototoxicity appear to be in the cochlea. However, possible effects on the VIIIth nerve and central auditory system have not been fully investigated. Based on animal studies, in the cochlea, bromate damages the stria vascularis, Reissner's membrane, inner and outer hair cells, Claudius cells and inner sulcus cells. Physiologically, bromate reduces the endocochlear potential, cochlear microphonics, and electrophysiologic auditory thresholds. Possible mechanisms are discussed. The effects of long-term low-dose bromate exposure on hearing have not been studied. These effects, if they occur, may not be readily detected in many clinical populations, because idiopathic hearing loss occurs commonly in the population as a whole. Further it is unknown whether or not chronic bromate ingestion may exacerbate noise-induced hearing loss. Further study to determine the maximum safe exposure level for long-term administration and to develop possible antidotes is warranted.