Abstract
We examine how the research departments of brokerage firms may issue biased recommendations in order to boost the revenue of the investment banking departments of the brokerage firms during 1993-2006. We find that during 1993-2006, sanctioned brokerage firms' upgrades not only underperformed the upgrades of non-sanctioned brokerage firms, but they also earned negative abnormal returns. The degree of underperformance for sanctioned brokerage firms' upgrades was at the highest during 1999-2002. More surprisingly, the underperformance of upgrades continues in 2003-2006. We also find weak evidence of underperformance of upgrades in the period of 1993-1998.
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