Abstract
An explanation of the origin and interpretation of the (SE) is presented in accordance with Measurement: IUPAC Recommendations 2002 [Pure Appl. Chem. 74, 2169 (2002)]. It is based on an analysis of detailed schemes of potentiometric cells and confirmed with experimental results. Historically, the term suspension effect evolved during attempts to determine electrochemically the thermodynamically defined activity of H + (aq) in suspensions. The experimental SE arises also in determining other plon values, analogous to pH values. The SE relates to the observation that for the potential generated when a pair of electrodes (e.g., reference electrode, RE, and glass electrode) is placed in a suspension, the measured cell voltage is different from that measured when they are both placed in the separate equilibrium solution (eqs). The SE is defined here as the sum of: (1) the difference between the mixed potential of the indicator electrode (IE) in a and the IE potential placed in the separated eqs; and (2) the anomalous liquid junction potential of the RE placed in the suspension. It is not the consequence of a boundary potential between the sediment and its eqs in the potentiometric cells as is stated in the current definition of the SE.
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