Brittle Creep and Viscoelastic Creep in Lower Palaeozoic Shales from the Baltic Basin, Poland

Przemyslaw Michal Wilczynski,Pawel Lukaszewski,Andrzej Domonik

doi:10.3390/en14154633

Abstract

The paper analyses the mechanical properties of shales from the Baltic Basin, focusing on creep strain in conditions of variable stress and elevated temperature (85 °C). Rock samples were collected from drill cores from various depths between 3600–4000 m. A series of creep tests was performed using a triaxial apparatus in simulated pressure and temperature conditions in the reservoir. The creep tests were conducted at variable levels of differential stress in variable time intervals. The laboratory experiments were performed in order to study brittle and viscoelastic creep proceeding in time in shales rich in organic matter and clay minerals. Creep compliance of shale formations rich in organic matter influences the success of hydraulic fracturing procedures, as well as migration of natural gas during exploitation. Laboratory characteristics of geomechanical properties (compressive strength, strain and elastic moduli) is crucial for planning natural gas exploitation from unconventional resources. The results indicate that the level of constant differential stress and creep time significantly influence the mechanical properties of shales. The paper presents the differences between brittle and viscoelastic strain registered during creep tests at variable stress conditions and time intervals. In viscoelastic creep tests, creep strain is over two times larger in the second stage of creep in comparison to the magnitude of strain registered in the first stage. In brittle creep tests, axial strain in the first creep stage is two times larger than in viscoelastic creep tests in the second stage. Based on the experiments, elastic parameters, i.e., Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, have been determined for each of the analysed samples. In brittle creep tests, Young’s modulus is smaller than in viscoelastic creep tests. In viscoelastic creep tests Young’s modulus increases in successive stages. Whereas Poisson’s ratio is larger for samples from brittle creep tests than for samples from viscoelastic creep tests and does not change with subsequent creep stages in viscoelastic creep tests.

Highlights

Brittle creep was tested in the first mode (BCT) and viscoelastic creep—in the second mode (VCT)
1–σ3)max was maintained for 5 h, and the second loading of a sample during hydrostatic stage does result in creep (e.g., [3,20]). It should be During brittle creep tests strain was registered during two 3-h constant differloading
During the brittle creep tests strain was registered during two 3-h constant differential pressure levels, in four cases destruction took place in the triaxial stage

Summary

Introduction

Development of geomechanical investigations resulted in better knowledge and understanding of the elastic and strain properties of reservoir rocks. The most recent studies [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15], indicate that assessment of time-dependent creep parameters and determination of brittle and viscoelastic strain may be of key significance for the successful exploitation of natural gas from unconventional deposits. Strain caused by slow timedependent deformation, known as creep, may be a factor restricting or controlling changes of stress caused by hydraulic fracturing [6,7,8,16]

Methods

Results

Conclusion