Abstract
Biomechanical properties of mammalian bones, such as strength, toughness, and plasticity, are essential for understanding how microscopic-scale mechanical features can link to macroscale bones' strength and fracture resistance. We employ Brillouin light scattering (BLS) microspectroscopy for local assessment of elastic properties of bones under compression and the efficacy of the tissue engineering approach based on heparin-conjugated fibrin (HCF) hydrogels, bone morphogenic proteins, and osteogenic stem cells in the regeneration of the bone tissues. BLS is noninvasive and label-free modality for probing viscoelastic properties of tissues that can give information on structure-function properties of normal and pathological tissues. Results showed that MCS and BPMs are critically important for regeneration of elastic and viscous properties, respectively, HCF gels containing combination of all factors had the best effect with complete defect regeneration at week nine after the implantation of bone grafts and that the bones with fully consolidated fractures have higher values of elastic moduli compared with defective bones.
Highlights
Bone fractures are widespread, especially in the elderly population and people involved in extensive physical activity, and their impact is pervasive
The primary focus of our research study was to investigate the relationship between the compression load and mechanical strength of various mammal bones determined from measured Brillouin frequency shifts, linewidths, and the bone regeneration efficacy of the critically sized defects in rabbits ulna implanted with bone grafts (HCF gels, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and osteogenic stem cells).[44]
In line with the previous studies, where heparin-conjugated fibrin (HCF) gels with stem cells and various growth factors were successfully used for the bone regeneration purposes, we showed the effectiveness of the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) combined with both BMPs.[12,63,64]
Summary
Especially in the elderly population and people involved in extensive physical activity (e.g., sportsmen, military personnel, and heavy load physical labor force), and their impact is pervasive. Direct and indirect costs of the fracture care can be high. Autografts, allografts, and other bone grafts are current standard strategies for the bone fracture repair.[2] integration of each bone graft substitutes can be limited due to the donor-site morbidity, risks of the infection, delayed healing, and others. Work on the development of better bone graft substitutes has been at the forefront of medical research.[3,4,5] Production of the clinically relevant bone grafts should have mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and growth factors embedded into the delivery material.[6,7] MSCs isolated from periosteum have proven their efficiency in the regeneration of complex bone fractures.[8] MSCs of periosteum
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