Abstract
Theory of Brillouin scattering in plasmas, i.e., nonlinear interaction of electromagnetic waves with longitudinal (plasma) waves, is developed and applied to the ionospheric irregularities produced by a plasma instability. As a result, characteristic features appearing in VHF radar echoes from the equatorial E region seem to be plausibly explained. Above all, it is found that the main peak echoes and the small image echoes are well interpreted as arising from the phase-matched and mismatched scatterings by unstable ion-acoustic waves, respectively. Furthermore, Dougherty and Farley's interpretation of broad spectra at low frequencies is criticized, and an alternative interpretation is made by introducing another instability, i.e., cross-field instability.
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