Brillouin propagation modes of cold atoms undergoing Sisyphus cooling.

Abstract

An exact expression for the average velocity of cold atoms in a driven, dissipative optical lattice in terms of the amplitudes of atomic density waves is derived from semiclassical equationsfor the phase space densities of the Zeeman ground-state sublevels. The calculations are for a J_{g}=1/2→J_{e}=3/2 transition, as it is customary in theoretical studies of Sisyphus cooling. While the driver, an additional beam of small amplitude, sets the atoms into directed motion, the new expression permits the quantification of the contribution to the atomic motion of a specific atomic wave, revealing unexpected counterpropagating contributions from many modes. Additionally, the method is shown to provide the generic threshold for the transition into the regime of infinite density, regardless of the details, or even the presence, of driving.