Abstract
The average brightness of the night sky can be used to determine a general relation between the number density of stars and their average lifetime. Plausible values for stellar lifetimes then imply that a single-galaxy cosmology is inadequate, even without observations of external galaxies. This is the positive content of the old riddle of why the sky is dark at night. Although Kelvin gave the correct resolution to this riddle he did not realize that it requires a far larger universe than he had assumed.
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