Brief review on most advanced detection methods used for Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) analysis

Abstract

The neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum are the most potent acute toxins known and are the causative agents of the neuroparalytic disease botulism The toxins act primarily at peripheral cholinergic synapses by blocking the evoked release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine This bacteria produces seven types of toxins A G known as Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins BoNTs Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins BoNTs affects humans all warm blooded animals and fishes due to consumption of contaminated silage water and canned foods like meat milk fruits and vegetables There are seven distinct serotypes of toxin and their most active forms exist as dichain molecules in which a heavy H chain is linked by disulphide bonding to a light L chain The H chain is believed to be associated with the highly specific and avid binding of toxin to the motor nerve end plates The toxic activity mostly appears to be associated with the L chain which blockades the calcium mediated release of acetylcholine by interfering at the molecular level with the mechanisms whereby neurotransmitter containing vesicles merge with the plasmalemma There are not any reliable and effective clinical management to avoid the lethal effects of BoNTs so its most potent detection can be helpful for developing its cost effective management and timely prevention in susceptible and infected population Various investigated diagnostic methods are based on various clinical signs and laboratory examinations like ELISA and culture for isolation of bacteria which used for its analysis in biological samples so that we can prevent havoc of its outbreak as well as timely treatment and prevention