Bridging the Gap Between Prosody and Pragmatics: The Acquisition of Pragmatic Prosody in the Preschool Years and Its Relation With Theory of Mind.

Mariia Pronina,Iris Hübscher,Pilar Prieto,Ingrid Vilà-Giménez

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.662124

Abstract

While it is well known that prosodic features are central in the conveyance of pragmatic meaning across languages, developmental research has assessed a narrow set of pragmatic functions of prosody. Research on prosodic development has focused on early infancy, with the subsequent preschool ages and beyond having received less attention. This study sets out to explore how young preschoolers develop the ability to use prosody to express pragmatic meanings while taking into account children’s Theory of Mind (ToM) development. Though ToM has been suggested to be linked to the development of receptive prosody, little is known about its relationship with expressive prosodic skills. A total of 102 3- to 4-year-old Catalan-speaking children were assessed for their pragmatic prosody skills using 35 picture-supported prompts revolving around a variety of social scenarios, as well as for their ToM skills. The responses were analyzed for prosodic appropriateness. The analyses revealed that 3- to 4-year-olds successfully produced prosody to encode basic expressive acts and unbiased speech acts such as information-seeking questions. Yet they had more trouble with complex expressive acts and biased speech acts such as the ones that convey speakers’ beliefs. Further analyses showed that ToM alone is not sufficient to explain children’s prosodic score, but the prosodic performance in some pragmatic areas (unbiased pragmatic meanings) was predicted by the interaction between ToM and age. Overall, this evidence for the acquisition of pragmatic prosody by young preschoolers demonstrates the importance of bridging the gap between prosody and pragmatics when accounting for prosodic developmental profiles, as well as taking into account the potential influence of ToM and other socio-cognitive and language skills in this development.

Highlights

Prosody is an essential part of spoken language, and refers to suprasegmental features of speech at the word and sentence levels, such as changes in pitch, duration, and intensity
Recall that the Audiovisual Pragmatic Test (APT) prosodic appropriateness scoring system distinguishes between three degrees of appropriateness, as follows: lowest degree— pragmatically felicitous answers produced as indirect speech; intermediate degree—pragmatically felicitous answers enacted but prosodically infelicitous; and highest degree—answers that are felicitous both pragmatically and prosodically
The main aim of the present study was to investigate the use of prosody by Catalan-speaking 3- to 4-year-old children for the expression of diverse pragmatic meanings

Summary

Introduction

Prosody is an essential part of spoken language, and refers to suprasegmental features of speech at the word and sentence levels, such as changes in pitch, duration, and intensity. In this way, speakers typically produce utterances faster or slower, louder or quieter, and mark them with different pitch contours (intonation). Despite a growing body of literature on the prosodypragmatics interface, relatively little of it has explored how children learn to use prosody to convey pragmatic meanings (Prieto and Esteve-Gibert, 2018; Chen et al, 2020). We highlight the importance of considering pragmatics and prosody together, briefly review research on prosodic development, and outline what is known about the potential role of ToM in this respect

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